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endocrine system (3) Flashcards

1
Q

how fast is the endocrine system

A

mins, hrs and days
way slower than the nervous system

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2
Q

what can be a gland and what is it made up of

A

organ or parts of an organ
many are made of endocrine tissue

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3
Q

what is in the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands and their respective hormones

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4
Q

how do hormones travel and what do they travel to

A

they diffuse directly into the blood (why glands are directly next to blood supply) until they reach their target cells

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5
Q

what are target and non target cells

A

target cells have receptors for a specific hormone who targets them (determined by genes)
non target cells dont have those receptors

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6
Q

what is the difference between a protein derived hormone and a steroid molecule

A

a protein derived hormone is water based while a steroid molecule is fat based

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7
Q

how do water based hormones interact with their target cells compared to fat based hormones

A

water based hormones will bind to receptors at the surface while fat based hormones will diffuse into the cell and bind to receptors inside

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8
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messenger molecules

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9
Q

what are the five results of a hormones binding to a cell receptor

A

change in membrane permeability/potential by opening/closing ion channels
activate/inactivate enzymes
stimulate/inhibit mitosis and meiosis
promote/inhibit secretion of a product
turn on/off transcription of certain genes

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10
Q

how much hormone is required to create a change in target cells

A

pico amount
10^-12

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11
Q

what are the functions of hormones

A

reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defenses against stressors
homeostasis
regulation of metabolism

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12
Q

how do amino acid based hormones function compared to steroid hormones

A

protein based use second messenger system
steroid use direct gene activation

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13
Q

what is the water based hormone that uses direct gene activation

A

thyroid hormone (T3T4)

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14
Q

what are the steps of direct gene activation

A

steroid diffuses through the membrane and enters the nucleus
binds to a specific protein (receptor)
hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on dna
genes are activated to transcribe mRNA
new proteins are synthesized which either leave or stay in the cell
(can start or stop protein production

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15
Q

what are the steps of the second messenger system

A

hormone (1st messenger) binds to membrane receptor
activated receptor triggers series of reactions that activate an enzyme
enzyme catalyzes a reaction which produces 2nd messenger molecule (cyclic AMP -> cAMP)
more reactions occur to promote a specific response in the cell

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16
Q

how are hormone levels maintained

A

by negative feedback

17
Q

what are the types of stimuli that activate hormone glands and what are they

A

hormonal stimuli (other hormones)
humoral stimuli (change in levels of ions/nutrients)
neural stimuli (nerve fibers in sympathetic nervous system)

18
Q

what are the 9 major endocrine organs

A

pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
thymus (not covered)
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovary/testes

19
Q

what is the location and function of a pineal gland

A

middle of brain, dorsal
secretes melatonin (sleep/wake cycle)

20
Q

location, characteristics and components of the pituitary gland

A

under hypothalamus, ventral in the brain (behind nose bridge), looks like balls, protected by sphenoid
made of anterior and posterior lobes

21
Q

what is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

storing hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH)
does not produce hormones

22
Q

what is oxytocin and ADH

A

oxytocin: hormone released during childbirth and brestfeeding
ADH (antidiuretic hormone): stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water into blood (leads to dehydration)

23
Q

how are hormones from the hypothalamus delivered to the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

using neurosecretory cells

24
Q

high concentrations of ADH leads to what

A

constriction of arterioles = high BP

25
Q

how is the activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary controlled

A

by the hypothalamus producing releasing or inhibiting hormones which are then released in portal circulation
hormonal stimuli

26
Q

what is portal circulation between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the pituitary

A

network of blood vessels

27
Q

what does the anterior pituitary release

A

peptide hormones:
growth hormones (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
thyrotropic hormone (TH/TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

28
Q

which of the hormones made by the anterior pituitary affect non endocrine targets

A

GH and PRL

29
Q

what are the targets and functions of growth hormone (GH)

A

long bone and skeletal muscle growth
causes amino acid to be built into proteins and fat breakdown for fuel

30
Q

what are the targets and functions of prolactin (PRL)

A

mammary glands (male function unknown)
stimulates and maintains milk production after childbirth

31
Q

what hormones made by the anterior pituitary target endocrine tissues
and what are these hormones called

A

FSH, LH, TH/TSH, ACTH
tropic hormones

32
Q

what are the targets and functions of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

ovaries and testes
stimulate follicle and sperm development

33
Q

what are the targets and functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

ovaries and testes
triggers ovulation of egg
stimulates testosterone production in males

34
Q

what are FSH and LH also known as

A

gonadotropic hormones

35
Q

what are the targets and functions of thyrotropic hormone (TH/TSH)

A

thyroid
stimulates growth and activity of thyroid gland

36
Q

what are the targets and functions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

adrenal cortex
regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

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