chapter 5- large biological molecules

Question 1

out of the four large biological molecules which is not considered a macromolecule and why

Answer 1

lipids
they are not polymers

Question 2

what are nucleic acid also called

Answer 2

polynucleotide

Question 3

apart from its components what does a compounds function rely on

Answer 3

its shape

Question 4

what is a dehydration reaction and when does it happen

Answer 4

when two monomers bond together and lose a water molecule

Question 5

what is hydrolysis

Answer 5

when a polymer breaks down and gains a water molecule

Question 6

ratio in monosaccharides

Answer 6

CH2O
1:2:1

Question 7

how are monosaccharides classified

Answer 7

location of carbonyl group
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 8

examples of monosaccharide classification

Answer 8

trioses (3 carbon)
pentoses (5 carbon)
hexoses (6 carbon)
aldose and ketose

Question 9

how to differentiate aldoses and ketoses

Answer 9

aldoses have a terminal carbon = oxygen and - hydrogen (H-C=O)
ketoses have a carbon = oxygen in the middle of the molecule

Question 10

what is the bond between two monosaccharide called

Answer 10

glycosidic linkage

Question 11

the structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by what

Answer 11

sugar monomers
position of glycosidic linkage

Question 12

what is starch made of

Answer 12

alpha glucose molecules

Question 13

how is surplus starch stored in plants

Answer 13

as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids

Question 14

how is glucose stored in animals

Answer 14

as glycogen

Question 15

where is glycogen held

Answer 15

mainly in liver and muscle cells

Question 16

what is cellulose made of

Answer 16

beta glucose molecules

Question 17

how is cellulose different than starch

Answer 17

their glycosidic linkages are different
cellulose is made of beta glucose
starch is made of alpha glucose

Question 18

difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 18

OH and H on one edge are flipped
enzymes that can digest alpha linkage cant digest beta linkage

Question 19

what are fungal cell walls made of

Answer 19

chitin
also arthropod exoskeleton are made of it

Question 20

what two groups will give an amino acid a charge

Answer 20

carboxyl (-) and amino groups (+)

Question 21

what is a nucleoside

Answer 21

base (A T G C) + sugar

Question 22

what is the scientific name for starch

Answer 22

amylose

Question 23

what are the three functions of carbohydrates and examples

Answer 23

fuel (glucose)
energy storage (glycogen/starch)
structural support (chitin/cellulose)

Question 24

in water will sugars stay linear

Answer 24

no, the 5th carbon and the carbonyl end will combine to make a ring

Question 25

what are the structures of glycogen, starch and cellulose

Answer 25

glycogen is branched starch is semi branched cellulose is linear

Question 26

alpha and beta linkage give which type of structure

Answer 26

alpha gives branched beta gives linear

Question 27

which type of glucose is glycogen made of

Answer 27

alpha glucose

Question 28

what are each of the four structures of proteins and what do they do

Answer 28

primary: polypeptide chain secondary: alpha helix & beta pleated sheets tertiary: folding of polypeptide using R group interactions quaternary: joining of multiple polypeptides

Question 29

what are the forces holding the tertiary structures of proteins

Answer 29

hydrophobic interactions hydrogen bonds ionic bonds disulfide bond/bridge

Question 30

what does -thiol mean

Answer 30

sulfur based so only proteins can be called that

Question 31

what will break down during denaturation

Answer 31

alpha/beta -> ionic -> hydrophobic (disulfide/amino acids wont break)

Question 32

what does a gene code for

Answer 32

polypeptide chain (not protein) alpha/beta chains

Question 33

if the hydrogen bonding is disturbed which structures are affected in a protein

Answer 33

all structures will be equally affected as they all contain hydrogen bonding

Question 34

what are the types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 34

pyrimidines purines

Question 35

what is the difference between pyrimidines and purines and which bases are part of which group

Answer 35

pyrimidines: one ring (C T U) purines: two rings (A G)

Question 36

what can fit between the helix strands

Answer 36

three rings one purine (2 rings) and one pyrimidines (1 ring)

Question 37

what are fats made of

Answer 37

glycerol 3 fatty acids

Question 38

what is the main function of fats

Answer 38

energy storage

Question 39

what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids

Answer 39

dont have any double bonds between carbons (saturated with hydrogen) solid at room temperature

Question 40

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 40

has double bonds between carbons liquid at room temperature

Question 41

what is different between cis unsaturated fats and trans unsaturated fats

Answer 41

cis bonds create a bend in the molecule

Question 42

why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature

Answer 42

most unsaturated are cis the bend in the molecules prevent them from getting close which causes them to be liquid

Question 43

what is a phospholipid made of

Answer 43

glycerol 2 fatty acid chains phosphate molecule

Question 44

which part of the phospholipid is water repellent

Answer 44

the tail is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic

Question 45

what are steroids made of

Answer 45

four fused rings of carbon

Question 46

what are enzymes and what can they do

Answer 46

enzymes are proteins can do anything act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

Question 47

how is dna built and what is it called

Answer 47

it is built 5' to 3' both strands are built in different directions and thats called antiparallel

Question 48

what constitutes the dna backbone

Answer 48

the pentose sugar and phosphate molecule

Question 49

what is a nucleoside

Answer 49

the pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

Question 50

what is the carbon at the center of the amino acid called

Answer 50

the alpha carbon (no relation to alpha glucose)