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chapter 5- large biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

out of the four large biological molecules which is not considered a macromolecule and why

A

lipids
they are not polymers

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2
Q

what are nucleic acid also called

A

polynucleotide

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3
Q

apart from its components what does a compounds function rely on

A

its shape

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4
Q

what is a dehydration reaction and when does it happen

A

when two monomers bond together and lose a water molecule

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5
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

when a polymer breaks down and gains a water molecule

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6
Q

ratio in monosaccharides

A

CH2O
1:2:1

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7
Q

how are monosaccharides classified

A

location of carbonyl group
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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8
Q

examples of monosaccharide classification

A

trioses (3 carbon)
pentoses (5 carbon)
hexoses (6 carbon)
aldose and ketose

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9
Q

how to differentiate aldoses and ketoses

A

aldoses have a terminal carbon = oxygen and - hydrogen (H-C=O)
ketoses have a carbon = oxygen in the middle of the molecule

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10
Q

what is the bond between two monosaccharide called

A

glycosidic linkage

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11
Q

the structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by what

A

sugar monomers
position of glycosidic linkage

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12
Q

what is starch made of

A

alpha glucose molecules

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13
Q

how is surplus starch stored in plants

A

as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids

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14
Q

how is glucose stored in animals

A

as glycogen

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15
Q

where is glycogen held

A

mainly in liver and muscle cells

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16
Q

what is cellulose made of

A

beta glucose molecules

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17
Q

how is cellulose different than starch

A

their glycosidic linkages are different
cellulose is made of beta glucose
starch is made of alpha glucose

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18
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

OH and H on one edge are flipped
enzymes that can digest alpha linkage cant digest beta linkage

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19
Q

what are fungal cell walls made of

A

chitin
also arthropod exoskeleton are made of it

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20
Q

what two groups will give an amino acid a charge

A

carboxyl (-) and amino groups (+)

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21
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

base (A T G C) + sugar

22
Q

what is the scientific name for starch

A

amylose

23
Q

what are the three functions of carbohydrates and examples

A

fuel (glucose)
energy storage (glycogen/starch)
structural support (chitin/cellulose)

24
Q

in water will sugars stay linear

A

no, the 5th carbon and the carbonyl end will combine to make a ring

25
Q

what are the structures of glycogen, starch and cellulose

A

glycogen is branched
starch is semi branched
cellulose is linear

26
Q

alpha and beta linkage give which type of structure

A

alpha gives branched
beta gives linear

27
Q

which type of glucose is glycogen made of

A

alpha glucose

28
Q

what are each of the four structures of proteins and what do they do

A

primary: polypeptide chain
secondary: alpha helix & beta pleated sheets
tertiary: folding of polypeptide using R group interactions
quaternary: joining of multiple polypeptides

29
Q

what are the forces holding the tertiary structures of proteins

A

hydrophobic interactions
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulfide bond/bridge

30
Q

what does -thiol mean

A

sulfur based so only proteins can be called that

31
Q

what will break down during denaturation

A

alpha/beta -> ionic -> hydrophobic
(disulfide/amino acids wont break)

32
Q

what does a gene code for

A

polypeptide chain (not protein)
alpha/beta chains

33
Q

if the hydrogen bonding is disturbed which structures are affected in a protein

A

all structures will be equally affected as they all contain hydrogen bonding

34
Q

what are the types of nitrogenous bases

A

pyrimidines
purines

35
Q

what is the difference between pyrimidines and purines and which bases are part of which group

A

pyrimidines: one ring (C T U)
purines: two rings (A G)

36
Q

what can fit between the helix strands

A

three rings
one purine (2 rings) and one pyrimidines (1 ring)

37
Q

what are fats made of

A

glycerol
3 fatty acids

38
Q

what is the main function of fats

A

energy storage

39
Q

what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids

A

dont have any double bonds between carbons (saturated with hydrogen)
solid at room temperature

40
Q

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids

A

has double bonds between carbons
liquid at room temperature

41
Q

what is different between cis unsaturated fats and trans unsaturated fats

A

cis bonds create a bend in the molecule

42
Q

why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature

A

most unsaturated are cis
the bend in the molecules prevent them from getting close which causes them to be liquid

43
Q

what is a phospholipid made of

A

glycerol
2 fatty acid chains
phosphate molecule

44
Q

which part of the phospholipid is water repellent

A

the tail is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic

45
Q

what are steroids made of

A

four fused rings of carbon

46
Q

what are enzymes and what can they do

A

enzymes are proteins
can do anything
act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

47
Q

how is dna built and what is it called

A

it is built 5’ to 3’
both strands are built in different directions and thats called antiparallel

48
Q

what constitutes the dna backbone

A

the pentose sugar and phosphate molecule

49
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

the pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

50
Q

what is the carbon at the center of the amino acid called

A

the alpha carbon (no relation to alpha glucose)

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