chapter 5- large biological molecules Flashcards
out of the four large biological molecules which is not considered a macromolecule and why
lipids
they are not polymers
what are nucleic acid also called
polynucleotide
apart from its components what does a compounds function rely on
its shape
what is a dehydration reaction and when does it happen
when two monomers bond together and lose a water molecule
what is hydrolysis
when a polymer breaks down and gains a water molecule
ratio in monosaccharides
CH2O
1:2:1
how are monosaccharides classified
location of carbonyl group
number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
examples of monosaccharide classification
trioses (3 carbon)
pentoses (5 carbon)
hexoses (6 carbon)
aldose and ketose
how to differentiate aldoses and ketoses
aldoses have a terminal carbon = oxygen and - hydrogen (H-C=O)
ketoses have a carbon = oxygen in the middle of the molecule
what is the bond between two monosaccharide called
glycosidic linkage
the structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by what
sugar monomers
position of glycosidic linkage
what is starch made of
alpha glucose molecules
how is surplus starch stored in plants
as granules in chloroplasts and other plastids
how is glucose stored in animals
as glycogen
where is glycogen held
mainly in liver and muscle cells
what is cellulose made of
beta glucose molecules
how is cellulose different than starch
their glycosidic linkages are different
cellulose is made of beta glucose
starch is made of alpha glucose
difference between alpha and beta glucose
OH and H on one edge are flipped
enzymes that can digest alpha linkage cant digest beta linkage
what are fungal cell walls made of
chitin
also arthropod exoskeleton are made of it
what two groups will give an amino acid a charge
carboxyl (-) and amino groups (+)
what is a nucleoside
base (A T G C) + sugar
what is the scientific name for starch
amylose
what are the three functions of carbohydrates and examples
fuel (glucose)
energy storage (glycogen/starch)
structural support (chitin/cellulose)
in water will sugars stay linear
no, the 5th carbon and the carbonyl end will combine to make a ring
what are the structures of glycogen, starch and cellulose
glycogen is branched
starch is semi branched
cellulose is linear
alpha and beta linkage give which type of structure
alpha gives branched
beta gives linear
which type of glucose is glycogen made of
alpha glucose
what are each of the four structures of proteins and what do they do
primary: polypeptide chain
secondary: alpha helix & beta pleated sheets
tertiary: folding of polypeptide using R group interactions
quaternary: joining of multiple polypeptides
what are the forces holding the tertiary structures of proteins
hydrophobic interactions
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulfide bond/bridge
what does -thiol mean
sulfur based so only proteins can be called that
what will break down during denaturation
alpha/beta -> ionic -> hydrophobic
(disulfide/amino acids wont break)
what does a gene code for
polypeptide chain (not protein)
alpha/beta chains
if the hydrogen bonding is disturbed which structures are affected in a protein
all structures will be equally affected as they all contain hydrogen bonding
what are the types of nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines
purines
what is the difference between pyrimidines and purines and which bases are part of which group
pyrimidines: one ring (C T U)
purines: two rings (A G)
what can fit between the helix strands
three rings
one purine (2 rings) and one pyrimidines (1 ring)
what are fats made of
glycerol
3 fatty acids
what is the main function of fats
energy storage
what are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids
dont have any double bonds between carbons (saturated with hydrogen)
solid at room temperature
what are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids
has double bonds between carbons
liquid at room temperature
what is different between cis unsaturated fats and trans unsaturated fats
cis bonds create a bend in the molecule
why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature
most unsaturated are cis
the bend in the molecules prevent them from getting close which causes them to be liquid
what is a phospholipid made of
glycerol
2 fatty acid chains
phosphate molecule
which part of the phospholipid is water repellent
the tail is hydrophobic and the head is hydrophilic
what are steroids made of
four fused rings of carbon
what are enzymes and what can they do
enzymes are proteins
can do anything
act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
how is dna built and what is it called
it is built 5’ to 3’
both strands are built in different directions and thats called antiparallel
what constitutes the dna backbone
the pentose sugar and phosphate molecule
what is a nucleoside
the pentose sugar and nitrogenous base
what is the carbon at the center of the amino acid called
the alpha carbon (no relation to alpha glucose)
