chapter 4- carbon and molecular diversity Flashcards

1
Q

is the carbon skeleton functional

A

no it is inert, simply a backbone

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2
Q

what is vitalism

A

belief in a life force outside of physical and chemical laws

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3
Q

what is mechanism

A

belief that physical and chemical laws controls all natural phenomena

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4
Q

what is the molecular formula of methane

A

CH4

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5
Q

what is the molecular formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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6
Q

what is the molecular formula of ethene/ethylene

A

C2H4

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7
Q

what makes the C O H N elements good to be the building code of living molecules

A

their valence electrons
carbon: the fact that its not too electronegative (wont keep electrons for itself)

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8
Q

what can vary in the carbon skeleton

A

length
branching vs not branching
presence of rings
position of double bonds

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9
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

molecules made of carbon and hydrogens only

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10
Q

what can hydrocarbons do

A

can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

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11
Q

what are adipose cells

A

cells that store fat droplets (triglyceride) in vacuole

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12
Q

what are isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different properties and structures

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13
Q

what are structural isomers

A

atoms are bonded at different places

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14
Q

what are geometric isomers

A

have the same bonds but different spacial arrangement
cis-trans arrangement

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15
Q

what does cis arrangement mean

A

the atoms are on the same side of the double bond

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16
Q

what does trans arrangement mean

A

the atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

17
Q

what are enantiomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of eachother

18
Q

enantiomer characteristics

A

may have different effects in body
usually only one is biologically active

19
Q

how to differentiate between R and S enantiomers

A

thumb of left (S) and right (R) hand points to lowest priority atom (usually H)

20
Q

why do two enantiomers affect the body differently

A

the body has receptors that are specific to molecules and the enantiomers wont bind to the same receptors (body can differentiate between isomers)

21
Q

what do the properties of organic molecules depend on

A

carbon skeleton
molecular groups attached to it

22
Q

what are functional groups

A

components of organic molecules involved in chemical reactions

23
Q

characteristics of hydroxyl group (3)

A

in alcohols, carbs and sugars
polar (allows for hydration shell)
OH

24
Q

how do we determine the solubility of a molecule that is a long chain of carbons and a hydroxyl group

A

solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases

25
characteristics of carbonyl group (3)
in sugars subsections: ketone and aldehyde C=O
26
what are ketoses
sugars that contain ketone groups C double bonded to O in the middle of the molecule
27
what are aldoses
sugars that contain aldehydes C double bonded to O and H at the end of the molecule
28
characteristics of carboxyl group (3)
acts as acid polar O=C-OH
29
characteristics of amino group (3)
acts as base can pick up H+ from environment NH2
30
characteristics of sulfhydryl group (3)
only in proteins can be used to stabilize protein structures SH
31
characteristics of phosphate group (4)
found in nucleic acids and membranes give negative charge allow molecule to react with water OPO3 ^2-
32
characteristics of methyl group (5)
most inert more methyl sticking out = less water soluble affects expression of genes when on dna or proteins bound to dna affects shape and function of sex hormones CH3
33
what does atp stand for and what is it made up off
adenosine triphosphate adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
34
function of atp
stores potential energy that is released when phosphate groups break off
35
how does atp become energy
atp -> reacts with water -> adp + inorganic phosphate (not attached to carbon) + energy