blood (8) Flashcards
what is interstitial fluid
fluid that bathes all body cells
characteristics of blood
7.35-7.45 pH
38 C temp (due to specific heat capacity of water)
components of blood
plasma (55%): water (90%), salts, plasma proteins, substances that are transported
formed elements (45%): erythrocytes (hematocrit), leukocytes, platelets
buffy coat: leukocytes and platelets
what salts are dissolved in plasma and their function
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
bicarbonate
functions: osmotic balance, pH buffers, regulation of membrane permeability
what are the plasma proteins dissolved in plasma
albumin
fibrinogen
globullins
what are the substances transported in the blood/plasma
nutrients (vitamins, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
nitrogen containing waste products (urea)
respiratory gases
hormones
what makes plasma proteins
the liver
what is the function of the plasma proteins
albumin: most abundant, blood buffer and regulation of osmotic pressure
fibrinogen: clotting
globullins: antibodies
characteristics of erythrocytes
anucleate, no mitochondria
has millions of hemoglobin (iron/heme bearing protein) which primarily binds oxygen (4/hemoglobin)
carbon monoxide has a greater affinity than oxygen for hemoglobin binding (death)
what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
curve that shows that the affinity for oxygen can be manipulated by the brain
if the blood is more acidic then the affinity will be lowered (binds less tightly) so more oxygen will be delivered to tissues
if the blood is more basic then the affinity is increased (less tight bonds) and less oxygen is delivered to tissues
what are the types of anemia and what are they caused by
sickle cell: genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin shape
iron deficiency: low iron reserves so inadequate hemoglobin content in RBC
other anemias are caused by a decrease in RBC number due to bleeding, infection, low B12 or destruction of bone marrow
what is polycythemia
disorder resulting from excessive/abnormal increase of RBC due to either bone marrow cancer or life at higher altitude
slows blood flow and increases viscosity
characteristics of leukocytes
WBC
complete cells
immune response
what is diapedesis and how does it work
movement of leukocytes from blood into tissues
chemicals (chemokines) are released in tissue surrounding infection, leukocytes migrate into tissue through positive chemotaxis
what are the two main categories of leukocytes and what are the differences
granulocytes: lobed nucleus, have digestive enzymes (granules) that can be stained
agranulocytes: spherical/kidney shaped nucleus, no visible granules
characteristics of basophils
granulocyte
u/s shaped nucleus
granules have histamine, contains heparin (anticoagulant)
0-1% of WBC
characteristics of eosinophils
granulocyte
bilobed nucleus
kill parasitic worm, allergy attacks
1-4% of WBC
characteristics of neutrophils
granulocyte
multilobed nucleus
phagocyte at infection site, first to appear
40-70% of WBC
characteristics of monocytes
agranulocyte
3x RBC size
u/kidney shaped nucleus
macrophage when in tissues, fights chronic infections
4-8% of WBC
characteristics of lymphocytes
agranulocyte
large nucleus
lives in lymphatic tissue, makes antibodies
20-45% of WBC
what are leukocytosis, leukopenia and leukemia
leukocytosis: higher WBC count, indicates infection
leukopenia: low WBC count, caused by drugs
leukemia: bone marrow cancer, high WBC count but immature cells
what is the order of leukocytes from most to least abundant
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)
characteristics of thrombocytes
platelets
fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells) that contain residual organelles (rough ER and golgi)
clotting
what is hematopoiesis and where does it occur
blood cell formation
after 2nd trimester it occurs in red bone marrow in all bones until 5 years old
by adulthood its limited to spongy bone in cranial bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal epiphyses of humerus/femurs
