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school > lecture 16- plants > Flashcards

lecture 16- plants Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of plants

A

non motile
terrestrial
multicellular
eukaryotic
have chloroplast and chlorophyll
cell wall made of cellulose

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2
Q

what are the ecological impacts of plants

A

reduce greenhouse gases and produce oxygen
provide cover for wildlife
are a food source (primary producers)
prevent soil erosion (hold water and soil while building soil)

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3
Q

how do plants prevent soil erosion

A

slows the fall of water down so it doesn’t hit ground as hard
roots act as nets to prevent soil movement

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4
Q

how does soil erosion lead to algae blooms

A

the water that washes drips through soil with wash away the nutrients, pesticides into water sources and can lead to algae blooms

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5
Q

what are the main groups of land plants

A

bryophytes (moss)
seedless vascular plants (ferns)
gymnosperms (conifers)
angiosperms (flowering plants)

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6
Q

characteristics of bryophytes

A

no true tissues or organs
no vascular system
small and compact
water fertilization (motile sperm)
live in moist environments

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7
Q

thickness of bryophytes

A

one cell layer thick because diffusion can’t get nutrients through thicker layers

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8
Q

what are the anchors of bryophytes

A

rhizoids (not quite roots)

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9
Q

what is the alternation of generation process of bryophytes

A
  1. water disperses the spores
  2. the spores germinate into plants (separate male and female plants)
  3. rain falls on male plant and picks up sperm
  4. water with sperm can encounter the female plant
  5. fertilization occurs = zygote
  6. the zygote grows in female plant which becomes a sporophyte then a sporangium
  7. sporangium releases spores
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10
Q

what is special about peat moss

A

its organic materials don’t decay fast
they release acidic secretions that prevent bacteria and fungi activity

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11
Q

what are some adaptations to life on land have plants gone through

A

waxy cuticle
stomata
tissues
seeds

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12
Q

what is a waxy cuticle

A

covers the epidermis
prevents dehydration

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13
Q

what are stomata

A

pores on the leafs surface to allow gas exchange
can open or close (partially or totally)

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14
Q

what are the types of vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem

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15
Q

what does the xylem transport

A

water and inorganic nutrients (minerals)

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16
Q

what does the phloem carry

A

water and organic molecules

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17
Q

what are the uses of vascular tissue

A

transportation from roots to leaves and back

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18
Q

what are roots

A

anchors for the plants

19
Q

characteristics of roots

A

used as storage
have root hairs for more surface area
take in nutrients and water

20
Q

characteristics of stems

A

structural support for leaves
transport materials from roots to leaves

21
Q

characteristics of leaves

A

photosynthesis site
flat thin leaves with waxy coat to reduce water loss

22
Q

characteristics of seedless vascular plants

A

sperm is flagellated
have vascular tissue and plant organs
big plants
don’t have seeds, have spores
damp environments

23
Q

alternation of generation for seedless vascular plants

A
  1. water disperses spores
  2. spores develop into gametophyte (plant that can produce gametes)
  3. gametophyte produces gametes
  4. sperm fertilizes egg
  5. egg becomes zygote
  6. zygote becomes sporophyte on top of gametophyte
  7. sporophyte produces sporangium which releases spores
24
Q

characteristics of seeds

A

has multicellular embryo that has root stem and leaves already
has protective covering called seed coat
has stored food

25
Q

characteristics of gymnosperms

A

non deciduous (leaves don’t fall all at once)
keep green leaves all year
perennials (live year after year)
wind pollination and seeds

26
Q

gymnosperms life cycle steps

A
  1. male cone releases pollen
  2. wind brings pollen to female cone
  3. egg is fertilized in female cone
  4. develops into embryo
  5. wind disperses seed
  6. seed germinates = adult tree grows
27
Q

gymnosperms seeds particularity

A

seed isn’t in a fruit so more vulnerable
naked seeds

28
Q

characteristics of angiosperms

A

produce flowers
seeds are in a fruit

29
Q

where is pollen produces

A

anther

30
Q

how does the fruit forming work after fertilization

A

ovule becomes a seed
ovary wall thicken
becomes fruit

31
Q

life cycle for angiosperms

A
  1. sperm is dispersed by pollinators
  2. pollen grain reaches stigma (female part of the flower)
  3. egg is fertilized in ovule in ovary
  4. zygote develops into seed inside a fruit
  5. fruit is dispersed by wind or animals
  6. fruit develops into new plant
32
Q

plant adaptations for storage of water

A

bigger stems
thicker leaves

33
Q

plant adaptations to take up water

A

deep root systems
laterally extensive root systems

34
Q

plant adaptations to wet climate

A

thin top cuticle and thin epidermis
air sacs
large flat leaves
stomata

35
Q

what are the growth hormones the plant produce

A

auxins and gibberellins

36
Q

what is gravitropism

A

plant growing towards the floor

37
Q

what is phototropism

A

plant growing towards the light

38
Q

what are auxins

A

plant growth regulators/hormones along the vertical axis
occurs in all plants

39
Q

how do shoot and root compare regarding auxins

A

the shoot produces more than the root

40
Q

how are gravity and auxins related and how does it benefit the plant

A

auxins accumulate on the lower side of plants tissue in response to gravity
in stems it causes the lower cells to grow more and the plant will bend upwards
in roots it causes the lower cells to grow less and the plant will bend downwards

41
Q

auxins in stems and roots are called

A

negative gravitropism in stems
positive gravitropism in roots

42
Q

what are gibberellins

A

plant growth hormone

43
Q

side effects of gibberellins

A

stem elongation
increases internodal length
germination
flowering
fruit ripening
breaks dormancy

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