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lecture 3&3b Flashcards

1
Q

scientific findings arent supposed to be accepted based on

A

who the scientist is or who is funding the research

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2
Q

what is discovery science

A

science that is describing nature based on qualitative date (no experiments)

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3
Q

what is hypothesis based science

A

science that explains nature using quantitative data (using experiments)

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4
Q

what are the seven steps of the scientific method

A
  1. make observations
  2. ask questions
  3. form a hypothesis
  4. make a prediction
  5. test the prediction (plan and perform experiments to collect data)
  6. interpret data
  7. draw conclusions
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5
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

educated guess/tentative explanation

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6
Q

a hypothesis must be

A

falsifiable (can be right or wrong)

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7
Q

should you say that the hypothesis is right

A

no you have to say that the data supports the hypothesis

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8
Q

what is a theory

A

a well sustained explanation for a set of verified hypotheses

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9
Q

independent variable

A

variable being manipulated

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10
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is being tested

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11
Q

control variable

A

variable that is the same in the experimental and control group

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12
Q

control group

A

group that is used to compare to the experimental group (doesn’t get treatment)

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13
Q

how do we avoid biases

A

neither the researchers or groups know who got the drugs or the placebo

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14
Q

what is a replicate and why is it important

A

experiment being done multiple times to see the variability in the data obtained and to verify the experiment

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15
Q

how do ethics play into science

A

don’t change data, write everything down to allow reproduction and take care of living things and avoid contamination of viruses

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16
Q

what are descriptive statistics*

A

stats that describe your data and tell you what is going on in your experiment

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17
Q

what are the measures of central tendency*

A

mean, median, mode

18
Q

what is the mean*

A

average

19
Q

what is the median*

A

the middle value/midpoint

20
Q

what is the mode*

A

the most common number in the data set

21
Q

how do you know that you have a normal distribution*

A

the graph is symmetrical
the mean, mode and median are identical

22
Q

what happens when the mean is standardized to 0*

A

the majority of the data points should be grouped around the average

23
Q

what is the drawback to taking the mean*

A

outliers will skew the average

24
Q

what does having the data points bunched together vs spread out mean*

A

when bunched together: there is low variability
when spread out: high variability

25
Q

what is the variance*

A

relative distance between the data points and the mean (s^2)

26
Q

what is the standard deviation*

A

how far apart numbers are in the sample (SD)

27
Q

what is the main advantage of the sd compared to s^2*

A

sd is in the same units as the thing youre measuring

28
Q

what is standard error*

A

how accurate the results of your sample are compared to the general population (SE)

29
Q

what are inferential statistics*

A

stats that use collected data and make inferences about the field

30
Q

what are the two types of hypotheses*

A

null and alternate

31
Q

what is a null hypothesis*

A

opposite of alternate hypothesis
hypothesis you are testing with stats
“there will be no difference”

32
Q

what is an alternate hypothesis*

A

opposite of null hypothesis
tests your prediction

33
Q

what are the two types of the alternate hypothesis*

A

non-directional and directional

34
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis*

A

predicts that there will be a difference but wont state the direction or magnitude of the difference

35
Q

what is a directional hypothesis*

A

predicts that the difference will be bigger or smaller

36
Q

what is alpha*

A

the level of significance of data/estimate of the probability that the result has occurred by accident or chance

37
Q

what is the value of alpha that we will use*

A

0.05 or 5%

38
Q

what is the p-value*

A

probability that you get your sample result assuming that the null hypothesis is true

39
Q

what happens when the p-value is smaller than alpha*

A

the data supports the alternate hypothesis

40
Q

what happens when the p-value is bigger than alpha*

A

the alternate hypothesis is most likely untrue

school (29 decks)

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