lecture 19- evolution of populations Flashcards

1
Q

what is the smallest unit that can evolve

A

populations

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2
Q

what is the variability in populations due to

A

the environment and genetics

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3
Q

what is genetics the basis of

A

evolution

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4
Q

what is microevolution

A

change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation
can lead to macroevolution

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5
Q

what is the gene pool

A

all the alleles for all the loci present in the population

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6
Q

what is genotype frequency

A

the proportion of a particular genotype in the population

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7
Q

how do you calculate the genotype frequency

A

by dividing the genotype number by the number of individual (490 AA out of 1000 individuals = 0.49)

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8
Q

what is allele frequency

A

the proportion of a specific allele in a population

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9
Q

how do you calculate allele frequency

A

count alleles separately and divide by 2x individuals (600 Aa = 600 A and 600 a divided by 2x 1000 individuals (2 alleles each) = 0.3 each) technically should add up to 1

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10
Q

how do you see the evolution of a population

A

you compare the allele frequencies of the first generation with the second generation

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11
Q

how do allele frequencies change

A

from environmental changes/outside factors

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12
Q

what happens when the population is in genetic equilibrium

A

the allele and genotype frequencies are not changing from generation to the next

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13
Q

what does HW principle/equilibrium stand for

A

Hardy-Weinberg

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of HW equilibrium

A

in large population where mating is random and likely the allele frequency will not change

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15
Q

what are the formulas for allele and genotype frquencies

A

allele: p + q = 1
genotype: p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1
where
p: dominant allele freq.
q: recessive allele freq.
p^2: homozygous dominant genotype freq.
2pq: heterozygous genotype frq.
q^2: homozygous recessive freq.

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16
Q

HW equilibrium equations meaning

A

any population that conforms to p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 is at genetic equilibrium
wont tell us anything about evolving populations

17
Q

what are the conditions for genetic equilibrium

A

random mating
no mutation
no natural selection
extremely large pop. size
no migration

18
Q

factors that cause microevolution

A

mutations
sexual recombination
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow

19
Q

mutations effects and characteristics

A

only way of getting new genes and alleles
most occur in somatic cells
can only be transmitted if it occurs in gametes
low rate in animals and plants
little effect on population

20
Q

sexual recombination effects

A

genetic variability
little effect from generation to generation
mostly just reshuffling

21
Q

natural selection effects and characteristics

A

certain alleles are passed to the next gen. in greater proportions
major factor in changing allele frequencies

22
Q

wha are the three types of genetic drift

A

bottleneck
founder effect

23
Q

what is genetic drift

A

random evolutionary changes in a population
how allele frequencies can change unpredictably from one gen. to the next
alleles can be eliminated by chance
major factor affecting allele frequencies

24
Q

effects of genetic drift

A

decrease in genetic variation in a population (smaller size)
increase in genetic differences between different populations

25
Q

bottleneck effect

A

large population reduced to nothing because of a disaster
genetic drift continues to affect the gene pool until pop. becomes large enough to eliminate the effect of chance fluctuations

26
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals becoming isolated from a larger population
bring only a small fraction of genetic variability with them
allele frequency is different than the parent population’s

27
Q

what is gene flow

A

the gain or loss of alleles from the movement of fertile individuals
one loses alleles the other gains
will reduce differences between populations over time
counters gene flow and natural selection
major factor altering allele frequencies

28
Q

what makes natural selection different than other factors than cause microevolution

A

only one that can lead to an adaptation to the environment
increases the frequencies of certain genotypes (survival of the fittest)
only adaptive and non-random mechanism

29
Q

types of natural selection

A

directional selection
disruptive selection
stabilizing selection

30
Q

what is directional selection

A

favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

31
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

32
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate individuals (against extremes phenotypes)

33
Q

what creates the most genetic variation in a population

A

sexual reproduction
(crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization)
original differences originated from mutations

34
Q

is sexual reproduction a handicap and why

A

yes because its much slower and and results in less reproductive offsprings

35
Q

what is sexual selection

A

natural selection for mating success
can result in sexual dimorphism

36
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

differences between sexes in secondary sexual characteristics (colorful males)

37
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex (males fighting with other males)

38
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

when one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates in the other sex (birds singing so female choose him)