chapter 9- cellular respiration and fermentation

Question 1

what is glycolysis

Answer 1

synthesizing chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

Question 2

what type of pathway is glycolysis

Answer 2

catabolic

Question 3

glucose is oxidized to pyruvate and pyruvate is fully oxidized to

Answer 3

CO2

Question 4

what is oxidative phospholyration

Answer 4

adp and inorganic phosphate binding together (uses energy) to form atp in the presence of O2

Question 5

what is fermentation and where is it used in human cells

Answer 5

partial degradation of sugars which creates atp in anaerobic conditions
used in muscle cells for when they lack O2

Question 6

complex organic molecules contain energy in their covalent bonds, which kind

Answer 6

potential

Question 7

what energy is used to synthesize atp

Answer 7

the one released as a result of electron transfer in chemical reactions

Question 8

oxidation means what in terms of electrons

Answer 8

substance loses electrons

Question 9

reduction means what in terms of electrons

Answer 9

substance gains electrons
reduced amount of positive charge

Question 10

what is a reducing agent and what is an oxidizing agent

Answer 10

reducing: electron donor
oxidizing: electron acceptor

Question 11

in cellular respiration what happens to glucose vs O2

Answer 11

glucose is oxidized
O2 is reduced

Question 12

what is the relationship between NADH and NAD+

Answer 12

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+

Question 13

what is the enzyme that removes an H+

Answer 13

dehydrogenase

Question 14

what are the three stages of cellular respiration

Answer 14

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and kreb cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

how many atp can a cell make per molecule of glucose

Answer 15

up to 32 atps

Question 16

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 16

enzyme will bind a substrate containing a phosphate group and an adp creating atp

Question 17

what are the main stages of glycolysis and characteristics

Answer 17

energy investment phase (5 steps)
energy payoff phase (5 steps)
occurs in cytosol with or without O2

Question 18

what is the one enzyme to remember in glycolysis

Answer 18

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 19

in the energy investment phase what is used and gained

Answer 19

1 glucose and 2 atps are used
2 adps and 2 phosphates are gained

Question 20

in the energy payoff phase what is used and gained

Answer 20

4 adps, 4 phosphates, 2 NAD+
4 atps, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate are gained

Question 21

what is the net gain in glycolysis

Answer 21

2 pyruvates, 2 atp and 2 NADH

Question 22

where do the last two stages of cellular respiration occur

Answer 22

mitochondria

Question 23

what does pyruvate need to enter mitochondria

Answer 23

O2

Question 24

what is the net gain per mole of pyruvate of pyruvate oxidation and the kreb cycle

Answer 24

4 NADH, FADH2 and 2 atp

Question 25

what is the total gain per mole of glucose before oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 25

10 NADH, 2FADH2, 4 atp

Question 26

where do the atp before the oxidative phosphorylation come from

Answer 26

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 27

what are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

electron transport chain
chemiosmosis

Question 28

what is the etc

Answer 28

electron transport chain

Question 29

what does the etc do

Answer 29

pumps the H+ generated from NADH and FADH2 through a series of proteins containing an iron atom

Question 30

how many complexes are there in the etc

Answer 30

4

Question 31

where do the etc complex pump the protons

Answer 31

into the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM) from the matrix (MM)

Question 32

from proton pumping what happens to the pH of the IM and MM and why

Answer 32

the pH of the IM decreases (more acidic) while MM’s increases
due to increased H+ concentration but also that the IM has a smaller volume than the matrix

Question 33

the protons move in which direction and how

Answer 33

against their gradient using active transport

Question 34

what is the complex involved in chemiosmosis

Answer 34

atp synthase

Question 35

how does chemiosmosis work

Answer 35

atp synthase is a channels for H+ to reenter the matrix and about 4 H+ are needed to synthesize one atp because they shield the adp’s negative charges so it can bind to P

Question 36

one NADH and FADH2 gives how many atps (roughly)

Answer 36

NADH: 2.5 atp
FADH2: 1.5 atp
roughly bc many variables can affect this

Question 37

what is the H+ gradient referred to as

Answer 37

proton-motive force

Question 38

if 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced how many atps are made from oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 38

25 + 3 = 28

Question 39

what is the total amount of atp made per mole of glucose

Answer 39

28 + 4 = 32 atp

Question 40

how does anaerobic respiration work

Answer 40

the final electron acceptor in the etc is not O2 but smtg else like sulphate

Question 41

how does fermentation make atp

Answer 41

using substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 42

what does fermentation regenerate

Answer 42

NAD+

Question 43

what are the main types of fermentation and which do humans uses

Answer 43

alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation

Question 44

how many atp are generated per mole of glucose by fermentation

Answer 44

2 atp

Question 45

how are amino acids used in cellular respiration

Answer 45

they can be deaminated to keto acids and then converted into pyruvate or theyll enter the kreb cycle

Question 46

can fats be used for glycolysis

Answer 46

yes but they must be broken down into glycerol/fatty acids first

Question 47

how are fatty acids broken down

Answer 47

by beta oxidation (carbons are separated in pairs) which produced acetyl CoA for the kreb cycle

Question 48

what regulates cellular respiration

Answer 48

AMP inhibits or stimulates PFK depending of the levels of atp
(inhibits when energy is high yk)