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chapter 9- cellular respiration and fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycolysis

A

synthesizing chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

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2
Q

what type of pathway is glycolysis

A

catabolic

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3
Q

glucose is oxidized to pyruvate and pyruvate is fully oxidized to

A

CO2

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4
Q

what is oxidative phospholyration

A

adp and inorganic phosphate binding together (uses energy) to form atp in the presence of O2

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5
Q

what is fermentation and where is it used in human cells

A

partial degradation of sugars which creates atp in anaerobic conditions
used in muscle cells for when they lack O2

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6
Q

complex organic molecules contain energy in their covalent bonds, which kind

A

potential

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7
Q

what energy is used to synthesize atp

A

the one released as a result of electron transfer in chemical reactions

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8
Q

oxidation means what in terms of electrons

A

substance loses electrons

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9
Q

reduction means what in terms of electrons

A

substance gains electrons
reduced amount of positive charge

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10
Q

what is a reducing agent and what is an oxidizing agent

A

reducing: electron donor
oxidizing: electron acceptor

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11
Q

in cellular respiration what happens to glucose vs O2

A

glucose is oxidized
O2 is reduced

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12
Q

what is the relationship between NADH and NAD+

A

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+

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13
Q

what is the enzyme that removes an H+

A

dehydrogenase

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14
Q

what are the three stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and kreb cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

how many atp can a cell make per molecule of glucose

A

up to 32 atps

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16
Q

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

enzyme will bind a substrate containing a phosphate group and an adp creating atp

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17
Q

what are the main stages of glycolysis and characteristics

A

energy investment phase (5 steps)
energy payoff phase (5 steps)
occurs in cytosol with or without O2

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18
Q

what is the one enzyme to remember in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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19
Q

in the energy investment phase what is used and gained

A

1 glucose and 2 atps are used
2 adps and 2 phosphates are gained

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20
Q

in the energy payoff phase what is used and gained

A

4 adps, 4 phosphates, 2 NAD+
4 atps, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate are gained

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21
Q

what is the net gain in glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates, 2 atp and 2 NADH

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22
Q

where do the last two stages of cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

23
Q

what does pyruvate need to enter mitochondria

24
Q

what is the net gain per mole of pyruvate of pyruvate oxidation and the kreb cycle

A

4 NADH, FADH2 and 1 atp

25
what is the total gain per mole of glucose before oxidative phosphorylation
10 NADH, 2FADH2, 4 atp
26
where do the atp before the oxidative phosphorylation come from
substrate-level phosphorylation
27
what are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain chemiosmosis
28
what is the etc
electron transport chain
29
what does the etc do
pumps the H+ generated from NADH and FADH2 through a series of proteins containing an iron atom
30
how many complexes are there in the etc
4
31
where do the etc complex pump the protons
into the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM) from the matrix (MM)
32
from proton pumping what happens to the pH of the IM and MM and why
the pH of the IM decreases (more acidic) while MM's increases due to increased H+ concentration but also that the IM has a smaller volume than the matrix
33
the protons move in which direction and how
against their gradient using active transport
34
what is the complex involved in chemiosmosis
atp synthase
35
how does chemiosmosis work
atp synthase is a channels for H+ to reenter the matrix and about 4 H+ are needed to synthesize one atp because they shield the adp's negative charges so it can bind to P
36
one NADH and FADH2 gives how many atps (roughly)
NADH: 2.5 atp FADH2: 1.5 atp roughly bc many variables can affect this
37
what is the H+ gradient referred to as
proton-motive force
38
if 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced how many atps are made from oxidative phosphorylation
25 + 3 = 28
39
what is the total amount of atp made per mole of glucose
28 + 4 = 32 atp
40
how does anaerobic respiration work
the final electron acceptor in the etc is not O2 but smtg else like sulphate
41
how does fermentation make atp
using substrate-level phosphorylation
42
what does fermentation regenerate
NAD+
43
what are the main types of fermentation and which do humans uses
alcohol and lactic acid fermentation human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation
44
how many atp are generated per mole of glucose by fermentation
2 atp
45
how are amino acids used in cellular respiration
they can be deaminated to keto acids and then converted into pyruvate or theyll enter the kreb cycle
46
can fats be used for glycolysis
yes but they must be broken down into glycerol/fatty acids first
47
how are fatty acids broken down
by beta oxidation (carbons are separated in pairs) which produced acetyl CoA for the kreb cycle
48
what regulates cellular respiration
AMP inhibits or stimulates PFK depending of the levels of atp (inhibits when energy is high yk)
49
what are the poisons that affect the etc
rotenone cyanide dnp/uncouplers obligomycin
50
what does rotenone do
interferes with electron transport by blocking the etc
51
what does cyanide do
interferes with electron transport by blocking the etc
52
what does dnp/uncouplers do
allows H+ to diffuse back into the matrix
53
what does obligomycin do
prevents H+ from reentering the matrix by blocking atp synthase

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