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school > chapter 9- cellular respiration and fermentation > Flashcards

chapter 9- cellular respiration and fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycolysis

A

synthesizing chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

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2
Q

what type of pathway is glycolysis

A

catabolic

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3
Q

glucose is oxidized to pyruvate and pyruvate is fully oxidized to

A

CO2

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4
Q

what is oxidative phospholyration

A

adp and inorganic phosphate binding together (uses energy) to form atp in the presence of O2

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5
Q

what is fermentation and where is it used in human cells

A

partial degradation of sugars which creates atp in anaerobic conditions
used in muscle cells for when they lack O2

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6
Q

complex organic molecules contain energy in their covalent bonds, which kind

A

potential

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7
Q

what energy is used to synthesize atp

A

the one released as a result of electron transfer in chemical reactions

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8
Q

oxidation means what in terms of electrons

A

substance loses electrons

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9
Q

reduction means what in terms of electrons

A

substance gains electrons
reduced amount of positive charge

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10
Q

what is a reducing agent and what is an oxidizing agent

A

reducing: electron donor
oxidizing: electron acceptor

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11
Q

in cellular respiration what happens to glucose vs O2

A

glucose is oxidized
O2 is reduced

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12
Q

what is the relationship between NADH and NAD+

A

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+

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13
Q

what is the enzyme that removes an H+

A

dehydrogenase

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14
Q

what are the three stages of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and kreb cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

how many atp can a cell make per molecule of glucose

A

up to 32 atps

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16
Q

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

enzyme will bind a substrate containing a phosphate group and an adp creating atp

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17
Q

what are the main stages of glycolysis and characteristics

A

energy investment phase (5 steps)
energy payoff phase (5 steps)
occurs in cytosol with or without O2

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18
Q

what is the one enzyme to remember in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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19
Q

in the energy investment phase what is used and gained

A

1 glucose and 2 atps are used
2 adps and 2 phosphates are gained

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20
Q

in the energy payoff phase what is used and gained

A

4 adps, 4 phosphates, 2 NAD+
4 atps, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate are gained

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21
Q

what is the net gain in glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates, 2 atp and 2 NADH

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22
Q

where do the last two stages of cellular respiration occur

A

mitochondria

23
Q

what does pyruvate need to enter mitochondria

A

O2

24
Q

what is the net gain per mole of pyruvate of pyruvate oxidation and the kreb cycle

A

4 NADH, FADH2 and 1 atp

25
Q

what is the total gain per mole of glucose before oxidative phosphorylation

A

10 NADH, 2FADH2, 4 atp

26
Q

where do the atp before the oxidative phosphorylation come from

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

27
Q

what are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain
chemiosmosis

28
Q

what is the etc

A

electron transport chain

29
Q

what does the etc do

A

pumps the H+ generated from NADH and FADH2 through a series of proteins containing an iron atom

30
Q

how many complexes are there in the etc

A

4

31
Q

where do the etc complex pump the protons

A

into the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM) from the matrix (MM)

32
Q

from proton pumping what happens to the pH of the IM and MM and why

A

the pH of the IM decreases (more acidic) while MM’s increases
due to increased H+ concentration but also that the IM has a smaller volume than the matrix

33
Q

the protons move in which direction and how

A

against their gradient using active transport

34
Q

what is the complex involved in chemiosmosis

A

atp synthase

35
Q

how does chemiosmosis work

A

atp synthase is a channels for H+ to reenter the matrix and about 4 H+ are needed to synthesize one atp because they shield the adp’s negative charges so it can bind to P

36
Q

one NADH and FADH2 gives how many atps (roughly)

A

NADH: 2.5 atp
FADH2: 1.5 atp
roughly bc many variables can affect this

37
Q

what is the H+ gradient referred to as

A

proton-motive force

38
Q

if 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced how many atps are made from oxidative phosphorylation

A

25 + 3 = 28

39
Q

what is the total amount of atp made per mole of glucose

A

28 + 4 = 32 atp

40
Q

how does anaerobic respiration work

A

the final electron acceptor in the etc is not O2 but smtg else like sulphate

41
Q

how does fermentation make atp

A

using substrate-level phosphorylation

42
Q

what does fermentation regenerate

A

NAD+

43
Q

what are the main types of fermentation and which do humans uses

A

alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation

44
Q

how many atp are generated per mole of glucose by fermentation

A

2 atp

45
Q

how are amino acids used in cellular respiration

A

they can be deaminated to keto acids and then converted into pyruvate or theyll enter the kreb cycle

46
Q

can fats be used for glycolysis

A

yes but they must be broken down into glycerol/fatty acids first

47
Q

how are fatty acids broken down

A

by beta oxidation (carbons are separated in pairs) which produced acetyl CoA for the kreb cycle

48
Q

what regulates cellular respiration

A

AMP inhibits or stimulates PFK depending of the levels of atp
(inhibits when energy is high yk)

49
Q

what are the poisons that affect the etc

A

rotenone
cyanide
dnp/uncouplers
obligomycin

50
Q

what does rotenone do

A

interferes with electron transport by blocking the etc

51
Q

what does cyanide do

A

interferes with electron transport by blocking the etc

52
Q

what does dnp/uncouplers do

A

allows H+ to diffuse back into the matrix

53
Q

what does obligomycin do

A

prevents H+ from reentering the matrix by blocking atp synthase

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