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NUR1142 > Module 9 12 Part 5 > Flashcards

Module 9 12 Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Question

A

Answer

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2
Q

Q: What bacteria are responsible for causing bacterial meningitis?

A

Q: What bacteria are responsible for causing bacterial meningitis?

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3
Q

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute sinusitis?

A

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute sinusitis?

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4
Q

Q: What is the primary bacterium responsible for pharyngitis?

A

Q: What is the primary bacterium responsible for pharyngitis?

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5
Q

Q: Name some of the bacteria responsible for community-acquired pneumonia.

A

Q: Name some of the bacteria responsible for community-acquired pneumonia.

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6
Q

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?

A

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?

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7
Q

Q: What are the typical bacteria responsible for endocarditis?

A

Q: What are the typical bacteria responsible for endocarditis?

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8
Q

Q: Name the bacteria associated with cholangitis.

A

Q: Name the bacteria associated with cholangitis.

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9
Q

Q: What are the common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?

A

Q: What are the common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?

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10
Q

Q: What bacterium is often responsible for osteomyelitis?

A

Q: What bacterium is often responsible for osteomyelitis?

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11
Q

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with cellulitis?

A

Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with cellulitis?

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12
Q

Q: What is essential for providing optimal antimicrobial treatment?

A

Q: What is essential for providing optimal antimicrobial treatment?

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13
Q

Q: In severe infections, why might you need to start treatment before lab test results are available?

A

Q: In severe infections, why might you need to start treatment before lab test results are available?

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14
Q

Q: How is drug selection determined when lab test results are not yet available?

A

Q: How is drug selection determined when lab test results are not yet available?

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15
Q

Q: What can be used for initial treatment in situations where the infecting organism is unknown?

A

Q: What can be used for initial treatment in situations where the infecting organism is unknown?

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16
Q

Q: What should be done once the identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism are determined?

A

Q: What should be done once the identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism are determined?

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17
Q

Q: Why is it essential to obtain samples of exudates and body fluids for culture before starting treatment without lab data?

A

Q: Why is it essential to obtain samples of exudates and body fluids for culture before starting treatment without lab data?

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18
Q

Q: What is the primary rule in antimicrobial therapy?

A

Q: What is the primary rule in antimicrobial therapy?

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19
Q

Q: Why is it best to identify the infecting organism before starting treatment?

A

Q: Why is it best to identify the infecting organism before starting treatment?

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20
Q

Q: What should be done if treatment starts without a definitive diagnosis?

A

Q: What should be done if treatment starts without a definitive diagnosis?

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21
Q

Q: What is the quickest and most versatile technique for identifying microorganisms?

A

Q: What is the quickest and most versatile technique for identifying microorganisms?

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22
Q

Q: From where can samples for microscopic examination be obtained?

A

Q: From where can samples for microscopic examination be obtained?

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23
Q

Q: What type of samples are most useful for identifying microorganisms?

A

Q: What type of samples are most useful for identifying microorganisms?

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24
Q

Q: What should be done when only a small number of infecting organisms are present, making identification challenging?

A

Q: What should be done when only a small number of infecting organisms are present, making identification challenging?

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25
Q

Q: What precautions should be taken when obtaining samples for culture?

A

Q: What precautions should be taken when obtaining samples for culture?

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26
Q

Q: What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test used for?

A

Q: What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test used for?

27
Q

Q: How does PCR work in identifying microbes?

A

Q: How does PCR work in identifying microbes?

28
Q

Q: Which microbes can be identified using PCR tests?

A

Q: Which microbes can be identified using PCR tests?

29
Q

Q: How do PCR tests compare to Gram staining?

A

Q: How do PCR tests compare to Gram staining?

30
Q

Q: When is sensitivity testing performed?

A

Q: When is sensitivity testing performed?

31
Q

Q: When is sensitivity testing indicated?

A

Q: When is sensitivity testing indicated?

32
Q

Q: Which organisms do not require sensitivity testing for common antibiotics like penicillin G?

A

Q: Which organisms do not require sensitivity testing for common antibiotics like penicillin G?

33
Q

Q: What are the common methods for sensitivity testing?

A

Q: What are the common methods for sensitivity testing?

34
Q

Q: Why is identification of the microbe necessary before sensitivity testing?

A

Q: Why is identification of the microbe necessary before sensitivity testing?

35
Q

Q: If the infection is caused by C. difficile, which drugs would you test for sensitivity?

A

Q: If the infection is caused by C. difficile, which drugs would you test for sensitivity?

36
Q

Q: What is the first factor to consider when prescribing antimicrobial drugs?

A

A: Matching the drug with the specific infecting organism and its drug sensitivity.

37
Q

Q: What are the host factors unique to antibiotic selection?

A

A: Host defenses and the site of infection are unique host factors for antibiotic selection.

38
Q

Q: What are some general host factors to consider when choosing drugs?

A

A: General host factors include age, pregnancy, and previous drug reactions.

39
Q

Q: What are the main components of host defenses in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

A

A: Host defenses primarily consist of the immune system and phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils.

40
Q

Q: What is the primary objective of antimicrobial therapy when it comes to the infecting organisms?

A

A: The primary objective is not to outright kill infecting organisms but to suppress their growth to a point where the host’s defenses can control the infection.

41
Q

Q: Why are immunocompromised individuals more susceptible to infections even with antibiotic treatment?

A

A: Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS or undergoing cancer chemotherapy, are more susceptible because their host defenses are impaired, and drugs alone may not be sufficient to control infections.

42
Q

Q: What is the last resort for treating infections in immunocompromised hosts?

A

A: In the case of immunocompromised hosts, rapid bactericidal drugs are often the last hope, but even these may not be enough to control the infection.

43
Q

Q: What condition must antibiotics meet to be effective at the site of infection?

A

A: Antibiotics must be present at the site of infection in a concentration greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).

44
Q

Q: In which infection sites can drug penetration be challenging?

A

A: Drug penetration can be challenging in conditions like meningitis (due to the blood-brain barrier), endocarditis (because bacterial vegetations are hard to penetrate), and infected abscesses (due to poor blood supply and pus presence).

45
Q

Q: What are the two approaches used for treating meningitis when it comes to antibiotics?

A

A: The two approaches are selecting a drug that can readily cross the blood-brain barrier and injecting an antibiotic directly into the subarachnoid space.

46
Q

Q: What is the recommended approach when exudate and fluids hinder drug access at infection sites?

A

A: When exudate and other fluids hinder drug access, surgical drainage of the infection site is often indicated.

47
Q

Q: How do phagocytes respond to foreign materials like pacemakers and prosthetic joints?

A

A: Phagocytes react to foreign materials and attempt to destroy them, but this can make them less effective at attacking bacteria.

48
Q

Q: What can happen in the presence of foreign materials when it comes to bacterial infections?

A

A: Bacteria can flourish in the vicinity of foreign materials due to the immune response, leading to infection.

49
Q

Q: What challenges do infections involving foreign materials pose in terms of treatment?

A

A: Infections associated with foreign materials can be difficult to treat and may result in treatment failure or relapse.

50
Q

Q: What is often the most effective way to eliminate infections related to foreign materials?

A

A: In many cases, the most effective approach is to surgically remove the foreign material to eliminate the infection.

51
Q

Q: Which family of antibiotics is most commonly associated with severe allergic reactions?

A

A: Severe allergic reactions are more common with penicillins than with any other group of drugs.

52
Q

Q: What is the general recommendation for patients with a history of severe penicillin allergy?

A

A: Patients with a history of severe penicillin allergy should usually avoid penicillins, except in cases of life-threatening infections with no suitable alternatives.

53
Q

Q: Which other antibiotics are known to sometimes cause allergic responses, although severe reactions are rare?

A

A: Other antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and erythromycin, can sometimes lead to allergic responses, but severe reactions to these antibiotics are rare.

54
Q

Q: What is a notable fact about many reported penicillin allergies?

A

A: Many reported penicillin allergies are not true allergies, meaning people may not be allergic to penicillin despite reporting an allergy.

55
Q

Q: How can genetic factors influence the response to antibiotics?

A

A: Genetic factors can affect the risk of hemolysis with certain antibiotics in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and the rate of antibiotic metabolism.

56
Q

Q: Why should people with G6PD deficiency avoid specific antibiotics?

A

A: People with G6PD deficiency should avoid antibiotics that can induce hemolysis, such as sulfonamides.

57
Q

Q: How can genetic variations in metabolism impact antibiotic treatment?

A

A: Genetic variations can lead to differences in how quickly the body metabolizes antibiotics.

58
Q

Q: Why might dosage adjustments be necessary for some individuals taking antibiotics?

A

A: Dosage adjustments are needed to prevent toxic antibiotic levels in slow metabolizers and to achieve therapeutic levels in rapid metabolizers.

59
Q

Q: Why are infants highly vulnerable to drug toxicity from antimicrobials?

A

A: Infants have underdeveloped kidney and liver function, leading to slow drug elimination and a risk of toxicity.

60
Q

Q: What is a specific toxicity concern for children and adolescents related to antibiotics?

A

A: Tetracyclines can cause tooth discoloration in young patients by binding to developing teeth.

61
Q

Q: How can antibiotic use during pregnancy affect the developing fetus?

A

A: Antibiotics can cross the placenta and pose risks to the fetus, such as irreversible hearing loss with drugs like gentamicin.

62
Q

Q: What is the risk of antibiotics in breast milk for nursing infants, and what is the general guideline for breastfeeding women?

A

A: Antibiotics in breast milk can affect nursing infants, with potential risks like kernicterus from sulfonamides. The general guideline is to avoid antibiotics unless the benefits outweigh the risks.

63
Q

Q: Why do older adults have heightened sensitivity to antibiotics, and what can it lead to?

A

A: Older adults have reduced rates of drug metabolism and excretion, which can result in the accumulation of antibiotics to toxic levels.

64
Q

Q: How can true penicillin allergies be distinguished from other reactions?

A

A: Skin testing is available to distinguish true penicillin allergies from other, less severe reactions.

NUR1142 (112 decks)

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