Module 9 12 Part 5 Flashcards
Question
Answer
Q: What bacteria are responsible for causing bacterial meningitis?
Q: What bacteria are responsible for causing bacterial meningitis?
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute sinusitis?
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with acute sinusitis?
Q: What is the primary bacterium responsible for pharyngitis?
Q: What is the primary bacterium responsible for pharyngitis?
Q: Name some of the bacteria responsible for community-acquired pneumonia.
Q: Name some of the bacteria responsible for community-acquired pneumonia.
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Q: What are the typical bacteria responsible for endocarditis?
Q: What are the typical bacteria responsible for endocarditis?
Q: Name the bacteria associated with cholangitis.
Q: Name the bacteria associated with cholangitis.
Q: What are the common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?
Q: What are the common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis?
Q: What bacterium is often responsible for osteomyelitis?
Q: What bacterium is often responsible for osteomyelitis?
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with cellulitis?
Q: Which bacteria are commonly associated with cellulitis?
Q: What is essential for providing optimal antimicrobial treatment?
Q: What is essential for providing optimal antimicrobial treatment?
Q: In severe infections, why might you need to start treatment before lab test results are available?
Q: In severe infections, why might you need to start treatment before lab test results are available?
Q: How is drug selection determined when lab test results are not yet available?
Q: How is drug selection determined when lab test results are not yet available?
Q: What can be used for initial treatment in situations where the infecting organism is unknown?
Q: What can be used for initial treatment in situations where the infecting organism is unknown?
Q: What should be done once the identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism are determined?
Q: What should be done once the identity and drug sensitivity of the infecting organism are determined?
Q: Why is it essential to obtain samples of exudates and body fluids for culture before starting treatment without lab data?
Q: Why is it essential to obtain samples of exudates and body fluids for culture before starting treatment without lab data?
Q: What is the primary rule in antimicrobial therapy?
Q: What is the primary rule in antimicrobial therapy?
Q: Why is it best to identify the infecting organism before starting treatment?
Q: Why is it best to identify the infecting organism before starting treatment?
Q: What should be done if treatment starts without a definitive diagnosis?
Q: What should be done if treatment starts without a definitive diagnosis?
Q: What is the quickest and most versatile technique for identifying microorganisms?
Q: What is the quickest and most versatile technique for identifying microorganisms?
Q: From where can samples for microscopic examination be obtained?
Q: From where can samples for microscopic examination be obtained?
Q: What type of samples are most useful for identifying microorganisms?
Q: What type of samples are most useful for identifying microorganisms?
Q: What should be done when only a small number of infecting organisms are present, making identification challenging?
Q: What should be done when only a small number of infecting organisms are present, making identification challenging?
Q: What precautions should be taken when obtaining samples for culture?
Q: What precautions should be taken when obtaining samples for culture?
Q: What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test used for?
Q: What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test used for?
Q: How does PCR work in identifying microbes?
Q: How does PCR work in identifying microbes?
Q: Which microbes can be identified using PCR tests?
Q: Which microbes can be identified using PCR tests?
Q: How do PCR tests compare to Gram staining?
Q: How do PCR tests compare to Gram staining?
Q: When is sensitivity testing performed?
Q: When is sensitivity testing performed?
Q: When is sensitivity testing indicated?
Q: When is sensitivity testing indicated?
Q: Which organisms do not require sensitivity testing for common antibiotics like penicillin G?
Q: Which organisms do not require sensitivity testing for common antibiotics like penicillin G?
Q: What are the common methods for sensitivity testing?
Q: What are the common methods for sensitivity testing?
Q: Why is identification of the microbe necessary before sensitivity testing?
Q: Why is identification of the microbe necessary before sensitivity testing?
Q: If the infection is caused by C. difficile, which drugs would you test for sensitivity?
Q: If the infection is caused by C. difficile, which drugs would you test for sensitivity?
Q: What is the first factor to consider when prescribing antimicrobial drugs?
A: Matching the drug with the specific infecting organism and its drug sensitivity.
Q: What are the host factors unique to antibiotic selection?
A: Host defenses and the site of infection are unique host factors for antibiotic selection.
Q: What are some general host factors to consider when choosing drugs?
A: General host factors include age, pregnancy, and previous drug reactions.
Q: What are the main components of host defenses in the context of antimicrobial therapy?
A: Host defenses primarily consist of the immune system and phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils.
Q: What is the primary objective of antimicrobial therapy when it comes to the infecting organisms?
A: The primary objective is not to outright kill infecting organisms but to suppress their growth to a point where the host’s defenses can control the infection.
Q: Why are immunocompromised individuals more susceptible to infections even with antibiotic treatment?
A: Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS or undergoing cancer chemotherapy, are more susceptible because their host defenses are impaired, and drugs alone may not be sufficient to control infections.
Q: What is the last resort for treating infections in immunocompromised hosts?
A: In the case of immunocompromised hosts, rapid bactericidal drugs are often the last hope, but even these may not be enough to control the infection.
Q: What condition must antibiotics meet to be effective at the site of infection?
A: Antibiotics must be present at the site of infection in a concentration greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Q: In which infection sites can drug penetration be challenging?
A: Drug penetration can be challenging in conditions like meningitis (due to the blood-brain barrier), endocarditis (because bacterial vegetations are hard to penetrate), and infected abscesses (due to poor blood supply and pus presence).
Q: What are the two approaches used for treating meningitis when it comes to antibiotics?
A: The two approaches are selecting a drug that can readily cross the blood-brain barrier and injecting an antibiotic directly into the subarachnoid space.
Q: What is the recommended approach when exudate and fluids hinder drug access at infection sites?
A: When exudate and other fluids hinder drug access, surgical drainage of the infection site is often indicated.
Q: How do phagocytes respond to foreign materials like pacemakers and prosthetic joints?
A: Phagocytes react to foreign materials and attempt to destroy them, but this can make them less effective at attacking bacteria.
Q: What can happen in the presence of foreign materials when it comes to bacterial infections?
A: Bacteria can flourish in the vicinity of foreign materials due to the immune response, leading to infection.
Q: What challenges do infections involving foreign materials pose in terms of treatment?
A: Infections associated with foreign materials can be difficult to treat and may result in treatment failure or relapse.
Q: What is often the most effective way to eliminate infections related to foreign materials?
A: In many cases, the most effective approach is to surgically remove the foreign material to eliminate the infection.
Q: Which family of antibiotics is most commonly associated with severe allergic reactions?
A: Severe allergic reactions are more common with penicillins than with any other group of drugs.
Q: What is the general recommendation for patients with a history of severe penicillin allergy?
A: Patients with a history of severe penicillin allergy should usually avoid penicillins, except in cases of life-threatening infections with no suitable alternatives.
Q: Which other antibiotics are known to sometimes cause allergic responses, although severe reactions are rare?
A: Other antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and erythromycin, can sometimes lead to allergic responses, but severe reactions to these antibiotics are rare.
Q: What is a notable fact about many reported penicillin allergies?
A: Many reported penicillin allergies are not true allergies, meaning people may not be allergic to penicillin despite reporting an allergy.
Q: How can genetic factors influence the response to antibiotics?
A: Genetic factors can affect the risk of hemolysis with certain antibiotics in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and the rate of antibiotic metabolism.
Q: Why should people with G6PD deficiency avoid specific antibiotics?
A: People with G6PD deficiency should avoid antibiotics that can induce hemolysis, such as sulfonamides.
Q: How can genetic variations in metabolism impact antibiotic treatment?
A: Genetic variations can lead to differences in how quickly the body metabolizes antibiotics.
Q: Why might dosage adjustments be necessary for some individuals taking antibiotics?
A: Dosage adjustments are needed to prevent toxic antibiotic levels in slow metabolizers and to achieve therapeutic levels in rapid metabolizers.
Q: Why are infants highly vulnerable to drug toxicity from antimicrobials?
A: Infants have underdeveloped kidney and liver function, leading to slow drug elimination and a risk of toxicity.
Q: What is a specific toxicity concern for children and adolescents related to antibiotics?
A: Tetracyclines can cause tooth discoloration in young patients by binding to developing teeth.
Q: How can antibiotic use during pregnancy affect the developing fetus?
A: Antibiotics can cross the placenta and pose risks to the fetus, such as irreversible hearing loss with drugs like gentamicin.
Q: What is the risk of antibiotics in breast milk for nursing infants, and what is the general guideline for breastfeeding women?
A: Antibiotics in breast milk can affect nursing infants, with potential risks like kernicterus from sulfonamides. The general guideline is to avoid antibiotics unless the benefits outweigh the risks.
Q: Why do older adults have heightened sensitivity to antibiotics, and what can it lead to?
A: Older adults have reduced rates of drug metabolism and excretion, which can result in the accumulation of antibiotics to toxic levels.
Q: How can true penicillin allergies be distinguished from other reactions?
A: Skin testing is available to distinguish true penicillin allergies from other, less severe reactions.
