Module 9 12 Part 4 Flashcards
Question
Answer
Q: How do genetic changes in the microbial genome lead to drug resistance?
A: Genetic changes in the microbial genome can result in structural and functional alterations that lead to drug resistance.
Q: What are the two main ways in which these genetic changes can occur?
A: Genetic changes can happen through either spontaneous mutations within the microbe or by acquiring DNA from an external source.
Q: What is conjugation, and how does it relate to the acquisition of DNA for drug resistance?
A: Conjugation is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire DNA from other bacteria. This process enables the transfer of resistance genes and plays a significant role in the development of drug resistance.
Q: What are spontaneous mutations in microbes, and how do they affect drug resistance?
A: Spontaneous mutations are random changes in a microbe’s DNA that gradually increase drug resistance, starting with low-level resistance and potentially increasing with more mutations.
Q: Can spontaneous mutations confer resistance to multiple drugs, or is it typically limited to one drug?
A: Spontaneous mutations generally provide resistance to only one specific drug.
Q: What is conjugation, and what does it involve?
A: Conjugation is a process where extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another.
Q: How is drug resistance transferred through conjugation, and what are the requirements for the donor bacterium?
A: Drug resistance is transferred via conjugation when the donor bacterium possesses two separate DNA segments: one containing the genes for drug resistance mechanisms and another with genes for the “sexual” apparatus necessary for DNA transfer. These two segments together make up an R factor, or resistance factor.
Q: Among which type of bacteria does conjugation primarily occur?
A: Conjugation is mainly observed among gram-negative bacteria.
Q: Can genetic material be transferred between different bacterial species through conjugation?
A: Yes, genetic material can be transferred between bacteria of the same species or between different species.
Q: Is the transfer of R factors species-specific, and what are the implications of this?
A: The transfer of R factors is not species-specific, meaning that pathogenic bacteria can potentially acquire resistance genes from the normal bacterial flora in the body.
Q: Why is the increasing presence of R factors in the normal flora a significant clinical concern?
A: The growing prevalence of R factors in normal flora raises concerns about the potential transfer of antibiotic resistance from normal flora bacteria to pathogenic bacteria, impacting clinical outcomes.
Q: How does conjugation differ from spontaneous mutation in terms of drug resistance?
A: Conjugation frequently confers resistance to multiple drugs, while spontaneous mutation usually provides resistance to a single drug.
Q: What enables conjugation to confer resistance to multiple drugs in a single event?
A: Conjugation can transfer DNA that contains genes for various drug-metabolizing enzymes, allowing a bacterium to acquire resistance to multiple drugs simultaneously.
Q: How does antibiotic use relate to the emergence of drug-resistant microbes?
A: Antibiotic use promotes the development of drug-resistant microbes.
Q: Do antibiotics directly cause genetic changes that lead to reduced drug sensitivity?
A: No, antibiotics are not mutagenic and do not directly cause genetic changes resulting in reduced drug sensitivity.
Q: What are the main factors responsible for the development of drug resistance in microbes?
A: Spontaneous mutations and conjugation are the primary factors leading to drug resistance, and they are random events unrelated to antibiotic use.
Q: What role do antibiotics play in the development of drug resistance?
A: Antibiotics create conditions that support the overgrowth of microbes that have acquired resistance mechanisms.
Q: Do all antimicrobial drugs play a role in the emergence of drug-resistant organisms?
A: Yes, all antimicrobial drugs contribute to the development of drug-resistant organisms.
Q: What distinguishes some agents from others in their potential to promote resistance?
A: Certain agents are more likely to promote resistance than others.
Q: Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics more likely to facilitate the emergence of resistance?
A: Broad-spectrum antibiotics target a wide range of bacteria and can kill a larger number of competing organisms, which increases their potential to promote resistance.
Q: How does the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics compare to that of narrow-spectrum drugs in terms of resistance development?
A: Broad-spectrum antibiotics have a greater potential to promote the emergence of drug-resistant organisms compared to narrow-spectrum drugs.
Q: What is the relationship between the use of antibiotics and the emergence of drug-resistant organisms?
A: Increased use of antibiotics accelerates the emergence of drug-resistant organisms.
Q: How do antibiotics affect both resistant pathogens and normal flora?
A: Antibiotics promote the emergence of resistant pathogens and overgrowth of normal flora with resistance mechanisms.
Q: What is the consequence of drug use on normal flora and its potential to transfer resistance to pathogens?
A: Drug use can lead to resistance in normal flora, which can transfer resistance to pathogens through conjugation.
Q: Who should avoid unnecessary antibiotic use, and why is this important?
A: Individuals without bacterial infections should avoid unnecessary antibiotic use because it contributes to the development of resistance.
Q: What should be avoided to mitigate the emergence of resistance due to antibiotic use?
A: Casual or indiscriminate dispensing of antibiotics should be avoided, as all antibiotic use contributes to resistance development.
Q: Why do hospitals often have highly drug-resistant resident organisms?
A: Hospitals use antibiotics frequently, which leads to the development of highly drug-resistant resident organisms.
Q: What makes health care-associated infections (HAIs) in hospitals challenging to treat?
A: The prevalence of drug-resistant organisms in hospitals makes HAIs difficult to treat.
Q: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), how common are HAIs in hospitals?
A: The CDC reports that approximately 1 in 20 patients in hospitals will contract a health care-associated infection (HAI).
Q: Are there measures to address the emergence of resistant organisms in hospitals, and where are these discussed?
A: Strategies and measures to slow down the emergence of resistant organisms in hospital settings are discussed in more detail.
Q: What is a superinfection?
A: A superinfection is a new infection that occurs during the treatment of a primary infection.
Q: How do superinfections develop during antibiotic treatment?
A: Superinfections develop when antibiotics disrupt the inhibitory effects of normal flora, creating conditions for a second infectious agent to grow.
Q: Give an example of a superinfection.
A: An example of a superinfection is the development of a vaginal Candida infection in a female who is treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic for a urinary tract infection.
Q: Why are superinfections more likely with broad-spectrum antibiotics than with narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
A: Superinfections are more likely with broad-spectrum antibiotics because they have a greater impact on normal flora, disrupting the balance of microorganisms.
Q: When was the first Statement on Antimicrobial Stewardship released, and who were the collaborating organizations?
Q: When was the first Statement on Antimicrobial Stewardship released, and who were the collaborating organizations?
Q: What were the main components of the recommendations in the statement?
Q: What were the main components of the recommendations in the statement?
Q: Where can the full statement be found for reference?
Q: Where can the full statement be found for reference?
Q: What was the goal of the Choosing Wisely Campaign initiated by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation in 2012?
Q: What was the goal of the Choosing Wisely Campaign initiated by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation in 2012?
Q: Where can Choosing Wisely be found for reference?
Q: Where can Choosing Wisely be found for reference?
Q: What are the primary objectives of the Get Smart for Healthcare Campaign initiated by the CDC?
Q: What are the primary objectives of the Get Smart for Healthcare Campaign initiated by the CDC?
Q: Who are the target audiences for the Get Smart for Healthcare Campaign, and where can more information be found?
Q: Who are the target audiences for the Get Smart for Healthcare Campaign, and where can more information be found?
Q: In 2014, what publication did the Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance release, and what were the four focus areas discussed in the updated action plan?
Q: In 2014, what publication did the Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance release, and what were the four focus areas discussed in the updated action plan?
Q: What are the four focus areas outlined in the Interagency Task Force’s action plan to combat antibiotic resistance?
Q: What are the four focus areas outlined in the Interagency Task Force’s action plan to combat antibiotic resistance?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area I: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area I: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area II: Research?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area II: Research?
Q: What are the aims of Focus Area III: Regulatory Pathways for New Products?
Q: What are the aims of Focus Area III: Regulatory Pathways for New Products?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area IV: Product Development?
Q: What are the goals of Focus Area IV: Product Development?
Q: What is the primary goal in treating infections with antibiotics?
Q: What is the primary goal in treating infections with antibiotics?
Q: What are the three principal factors to consider when choosing an antibiotic for an individual patient?
Q: What are the three principal factors to consider when choosing an antibiotic for an individual patient?
Q: Why is it important to consider the identity of the infecting organism when choosing an antibiotic?
Q: Why is it important to consider the identity of the infecting organism when choosing an antibiotic?
Q: What is drug sensitivity, and why is it important in antibiotic selection?
Q: What is drug sensitivity, and why is it important in antibiotic selection?
Q: Why do host factors, such as the site of infection and host defenses, play a role in antibiotic selection?
Q: Why do host factors, such as the site of infection and host defenses, play a role in antibiotic selection?
