Module 9 12 Part 2

Question 1

Question

Answer 1

Answers

Question 2

Q: What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis in both bacterial and mammalian cells?

Answer 2

A: Ribosomes are responsible for completing protein synthesis in both bacterial and mammalian cells.

Question 3

Q: Are bacterial and mammalian ribosomes identical in structure?

Answer 3

A: No, bacterial and mammalian ribosomes have subtle structural differences.

Question 4

Q: How can drugs be designed to selectively disrupt the function of bacterial ribosomes without affecting mammalian ribosomes?

Answer 4

A: Drugs can be developed to specifically target and disrupt the function of bacterial ribosomes while sparing mammalian ribosomes.

Question 5

Q: What is the advantage of selectively disrupting bacterial ribosomes in drug design?

Answer 5

A: This selectivity allows us to impair protein synthesis in bacteria while leaving protein synthesis in mammalian cells untouched, minimizing harm to the host.

Question 6

Q: What are narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and how do they differ from broad-spectrum antibiotics?

Answer 6

A: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a limited number of microorganisms, while broad-spectrum antibiotics work against a wide range of microbes.

Question 7

Q: In general, which type of antibiotics is preferred, narrow-spectrum or broad-spectrum?

Answer 7

A: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are generally preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Question 8

Q: How are major antimicrobial drugs classified in Table 70.1?

Answer 8

A: Table 70.1 classifies major antimicrobial drugs into three groups: antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral.

Question 9

Q: Within the antibacterial category, how are drugs further subdivided, and what does the table indicate about their activity?

Answer 9

A: In the antibacterial category, drugs are subdivided into narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum agents, and the table specifies the main classes of bacteria they are active against.

Question 10

Q: How are antimicrobial drugs classified based on their effectiveness against specific organisms?

Answer 10

A: Antimicrobial drugs are categorized based on the types of organisms they are effective against, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Question 11

Q: What are narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs, and what kinds of bacteria do they target?

Answer 11

A: Narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs are effective against specific types of bacteria, such as gram-positive cocci and gram-positive bacilli.

Question 12

Q: Can you provide examples of narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs?

Answer 12

A: Examples of narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs include penicillin G and V, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, vancomycin, and others.

Question 13

Q: What is the distinguishing feature of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, and what types of bacteria do they target?

Answer 13

A: Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli.

Question 14

Q: Can you name some examples of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs?

Answer 14

A: Examples of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs include broad-spectrum penicillins, extended-spectrum penicillins, cephalosporins (third generation), tetracyclines, carbapenems, and others.

Question 15

Q: What are antiviral drugs used for, and can you provide examples of antiviral drug classes?

Answer 15

A: Antiviral drugs are used to treat viral infections. Examples of antiviral drug classes include drugs for HIV infection and drugs for influenza, along with other antiviral drugs.

Question 16

Q: What is the purpose of antifungal drugs, and what are some examples of antifungal drug classes?

Answer 16

A: Antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections. Examples of antifungal drug classes include polyene antibiotics, azoles, and echinocandins.

Question 17

Q: How are antimicrobial drugs classified based on their mechanism of action?

Answer 17

A: Antimicrobial drugs are categorized into several drug classes according to how they work in combating infections.

Question 18

Q: Can you name some drug classes that inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria?

Answer 18

A: Drug classes that inhibit cell wall synthesis include penicillins, cephalosporins, imipenem, vancomycin, and caspofungin.

Question 19

Q: What is the mechanism of action of drugs that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane, and can you provide examples of such drugs?

Answer 19

A: These drugs disrupt the cell membrane, and examples include amphotericin B, daptomycin, and itraconazole.

Question 20

Q: What distinguishes bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis from bacteriostatic ones, and can you name some drugs in each category?

Answer 20

A: Bactericidal inhibitors kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic inhibitors slow their growth. Bactericidal examples are aminoglycosides, while bacteriostatic examples include clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, and tetracyclines.

Question 21

Q: How do drugs that interfere with bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis or integrity work, and can you provide examples?

Answer 21

A: These drugs disrupt the synthesis or integrity of bacterial DNA and RNA. Examples include fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, and rifampin.

Question 22

Q: What are antimetabolites, and what are some examples of drugs in this category?

Answer 22

A: Antimetabolites interfere with essential metabolic processes in bacteria. Examples include flucytosine, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.

Question 23

Q: What are the major drug classes used to suppress viral replication, and can you name some specific drugs within these classes?

Answer 23

A: The major drug classes for suppressing viral replication include viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (e.g., acyclovir and ganciclovir), HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., zidovudine and lamivudine), HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir and saquinavir), HIV fusion inhibitors (e.g., enfuvirtide), HIV integrase inhibitors (e.g., raltegravir), HIV CCR5 antagonists (e.g., maraviroc), and influenza neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., oseltamivir and zanamivir).

Question 24

Q: How do drugs like penicillins and cephalosporins kill bacteria?

Answer 24

A: These drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, weakening the cell wall and promoting bacterial lysis and death.

Question 25

Q: What is the mechanism of action of drugs like amphotericin B in killing bacteria?

Answer 25

A: Drugs like amphotericin B increase the permeability of bacterial cell membranes, leading to the leakage of intracellular material and bacterial death.

Question 26

Q: How do drugs like tetracyclines impact bacterial growth, and can they kill bacteria?

Answer 26

A: Drugs like tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, but they only slow bacterial growth and do not kill bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations.

Question 27

Q: What is the mechanism of action of drugs that disrupt bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis or function, and can you provide some examples of these drugs?

Answer 27

A: These drugs inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis or disrupt their function. They can bind directly to nucleic acids or interact with enzymes involved in nucleic acid production. Examples include rifampin, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin.

Question 28

Q: What do antimetabolites do, and can you give some examples of antimetabolite drugs?

Answer 28

A: Antimetabolites disrupt specific biochemical reactions in bacteria, either by decreasing the synthesis of essential cell constituents or by producing nonfunctional analogs of normal metabolites. Examples of antimetabolites include trimethoprim and sulfonamides.

Question 29

Q: How do drugs that suppress viral replication work, and what enzymes do they target?

Answer 29

A: These drugs inhibit specific enzymes that viruses require for their replication and infectivity. The targeted enzymes can include DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, or neuraminidase.

Question 30

Q: What is the result of inhibiting these enzymes in the context of viral infections?

Answer 30

A: Inhibiting these enzymes impairs the virus’s ability to replicate and spread, reducing the severity of the infection.

Question 31

Q: Which drugs are in the group that causes lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, and is the reason for cell death fully understood?

Answer 31

A: The aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, are in this group, but the exact reason for cell death is not fully understood.

Question 32

Q: What is the distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs?

Answer 32

A: Bactericidal drugs directly kill bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations, while bacteriostatic drugs slow bacterial growth without causing cell death.

Question 33

Q: What is the ultimate method for eliminating bacteria when bacteriostatic drugs are used?

Answer 33

A: When bacteriostatic drugs are employed, the elimination of bacteria relies on host defenses, such as the immune system working alongside phagocytic cells.