Mod 8 Flashcards
topics to dream about: … and sleep theories of why … sleep … and sleep … … and … we dream
biological rhythms; we need sleep; deprivation; disorders; what; why
when sleeping, are we fully … and “dead to the world?? Or is the window to consciousness open?
Consider that: we move around, but how do we stop ourselves from falling out of bed? we sometimes incorporate … into our dreams. some noises (our own baby’s cry) wake us more … than others
unconscious; real-world noises; easily
How do we learn about sleep and dreams?
we can monitor … and … during sleep
we can expose the sleeping person to … and …, and then examine the effects on the brain (waves) and mind (memory)
we can wake people and see which … state goes with which …/… state
EEG/brain waves; muscle movements; noise; words; mental; brain; body
sleep and biological rhythms:
… biological “clock”
… sleep cycle
24 hour; 90 minute
(daily rhythms and sleep) the circadian (“about a day”) rhythm refers to the body’s … cycle, roughly matched to the day/night cycle of … and …
natural 24-hr; light; dark
(daily rhythms and sleep) over the 24 hr cycle, the following factors vary, rising and falling over the course of the day and night:
…
…/…
…
body temperature; arousal; energy; mental sharpness
(daily rhythms and sleep) daily rhythms vary from person to person and with age. General peaks in alertness
evening peak- … year old “owls”
morning peak: … year old “larks”
20; 50
sleep stages and sleep cycles. what is measured?
… and … movements
… (…)
… (…)
left and right eye; EMG; muscle tension; EEG; brain waves
sleep stages refer to distinct patterns of … and … that are associated with different types of … and …
brain waves; muscle activity; consciousness; sleep
sleep cycles refer to the patterns of … through all the sleep stages over the night. We “cycle” through all the sleep stages in about … on average
sleep stages; 90 minutes
…. waves are the relatively slow brain waves of a …, awake state
alpha; relaxed
falling asleep:
yawning creates a brief boost in … as your brain metabolism is …
your breathing …
brain waves become … and ….
you may have … as you fall asleep
your brain waves change from … waves to …
alertness; slowing down; slows down; slower; irregular; hallucinations; alpha; NREM-1
non-rem sleep stages: getting deeper into sleep but not … yet
there’s NREM-1, NREM-2, and NREM-3
dreaming
Eugene Aserinsky’s discovery (1953): dreams occurred during periods of … and … [… sleep]
wild brain activity; rapid eye movements; REM
during REM:
… rises and … becomes rapid
heart rate; breathing
during REM:
“…” occurs when the brainstem blocks the motor cortex’s messages and the muscles … This is sometimes known as “…”; the brain is … but the body is …
sleep paralysis; don’t move; paradoxical sleep; active; immobile
during REM:
genitals are … (not caused by dream content) and stay this way after REM is over
aroused
the length of REM sleep … the longer you remain asleep. With age, there are more … and less …
increases; awakenings; deep sleep
the amount and pattern of sleep is affected by …, …, …, and …
biology; age; culture; individual variation
age: in general, newborns need .. hrs of sleep, while adults need … hrs or less
16; 8
individual (genetic) variation: some people function best with … hrs of sleep, others with … hrs or more
6; 9
culture: north americans sleep … than others, and less than they used to, perhaps bc of the use of light bulbs
less
.. and the .. regulate sleep
light; brain
the circadian rhythm is hard to … this rhythm can be affected by light, which suppresses the relaxing hormone …
shift; melatonin
sleep … our ancestors from predators sleep … and .. the brain and body sleep builds and strengthens … sleep facilitates creative … sleep is the time when … are active
protected; restores; repairs; memories; problem solving; growth hormones
research shows that inadequate sleep can make you more likely to: lose … gain … get … be … feel …
brainpower; weight; sick; irritable; old
sleep loss results in more …, probably caused by impaired attention and slower reaction time
accidents
(sleep disorders) insomnia: persistent inability to … or …
fall asleep; stay asleep
(sleep disorders) narcolepsy (“numb seizure”): …, even a collapse into …, at inopportune times
sleep attacks; REM/paralyzed sleep
(sleep disorders) sleep apnea (“with no breath”): repeated awakening after …; time in bed is not restorative sleep
breathing stops
night terrors refer to sudden scared-looking behavior, with … and …
rapid heartbeat; breathing
sleepwalking and sleeptalking …, so there is a possible genetic basis. These behaviors mostly affect …, and occur in … sleep. They are not considered dreaming
run in families; children; NREM-3;
dreams often include some … event or emotion, especially … dreams (being pursued, attacked, rejected, or having bad luck)
negative; failure
dreams do NOT often include …
sexuality
we may incorporate real-world sounds and other stimuli into dreams. dreams also include images from …, …, or … experiences
recent; traumatic; frequent
dreams are the stream of …, …, and … experienced while in REM sleep
images; actions; feelings
Sigmund Freud believed there was often a hidden … content (conflicts, worries, and urges) underneath the symbolic … content (the plot, actions, and images recalled) of dreams
latent; manifest
(theories about dream function)wish fulfillment (psychoanalytic theory): dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”; they often express otherwise …, and contain both manifest (remembered) content and a latent content (hidden meaning)
unacceptable feelings
(theories about dream function) information-processing: dreams help us sort out the day’s … and consolidate our …
events; memories
(theories about dream function) physiological function: regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve …
neural pathways
(theories about dream function) activation-synthesis: REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke …, which our sleeping brain weaves into …
random visual memories; stories
(theories about dream function) cognitive-developmental theory: dream content reflects the dreamers’ …-his or her … and …
cognitive development; knowledge; understanding
