Mod 5 Flashcards
how did we move beyond phrenology?
by finding what happens when part of the brain is … or otherwise unable to …
by looking at the … and … of the brain through …, …, …, and … scans
damaged; work properly; structure; activity; CAT; MRI; fMRI; PET
strategies for finding out what is different about the mind when part of the brain isn’t working normally:
- case studies of .. (e.g. …)
- case studies of … patients (… cut to stop …)
- … brain parts in animals to find out what happens
- chemically …, magnetically …, or electrically … parts of the brain
accidents; Phineas Gage; split-brain; corpus callosum; seizures; lesioning; numbing; deactivating; stimulating
when a … or … damages part of the brain, we have a chance to see the impact on the mind
stroke; injury
lesions: … of brain tissue
performed on ..
has yielded some insights, especially about … brain structures
no longer necessary, as we now can … or … deactivate brain areas to get similar information
surgical destruction; animals; less complex; chemically; magnetically
split-brain:
“split” =- surgery in which the connection between the brain hemispheres is … in order to end …
cut; full-brain seizures
corpus callosum sends … from one part of the brain to next
split-brain surgeries impacted people in such a way that it showed that all parts of the brain need to …
signals; be in conversation
parts of the brain, and even …, can be stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically. this can result in behaviors such as …, …, or simulated …
researches can see which … or … fire in conjunction with certain …, and even specific …
neurons; giggling; head turning; vivid recall; neurons; neural networks; mental experiences; concepts
tools to read electrical, metabolic, and magnetic activity in the brain:
- EEG: …
- PET: …
- MRI: …
- fMRI: …
electroencephalogram; positron emission tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; functional MRI
an EEG is a recording of the … sweeping across the brain’s … An EEG is useful in studying … and …
electrical waves; surface; seizures; sleep
EEGs use … placed on the …
electrodes; scalp
The PET scan allows us to see what part of the brain is … by tracing where a … form of … goes while the brain performs a given task; shows how … is flowing
active; radioactive; glucose; blood
MRI makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after … the … of …
MRIs show that schizophrenics have …
magnets align; spin; atoms; less brain matter
functional MRI reveals … and … rather than … fMRI compares successive … taken a split second apart, and shows changes in the level of … in … in the brain
brain activity; function; structures; MRI images; oxygen; bloodflow
the brainstem and cerebellum (…): …
hindbrain; coordinates the body
the limbic (…) system (…): manages … and connects … to …
border; midbrain; emotions; thought; body
the cortex (the outer covering) (….): integrates …
forebrain; information
less complex brain structures include: ... (... and ...) ... ... ... ...
brainstem; pons; medulla; thalamus; reticular formation; cerebellum; limbic system
brainstem: most … part of brain; sustains …–…, …, etc
simple; life; sleep regulation; breathing
the brain’s innermost region begins where the …
spinal cord enters the skull
brainstem contains the medulla which controls the most … such as … and …
someone with total brain damage above the medulla could still …, but someone with damage in this area could not
basic functions; heartbeat; breathing; breathe independently
the pons helps coordinate … and … movements
automatic; unconscious
pons controls movements such as …, …, …, and …. movement. it also has a role in suppressing body movement during …
swallowing; posture; facial expression; eye; REM sleep
the pons supports communication across the … and also communication from the … to the …
hemispheres; frontal lobes; cerebellum
reticular (…) formation: a … in the brainstem
netlike; nerve network
reticular formation enables … (…) from … to …; it also filters incoming …
alertness; arousal; coma; wide awake; sensory information
reticular formation branches from the … up into the …
spinal cord; thalamus
reticular formation controls …: it selects which incoming information to send to other .. This enables us to follow a conversation in a crowd
selective awareness; brain areas
the thalamus (...) the "..." or "..." all ..., except ..., are routed through the thalamus on the way to the ... (higher, outer brain)
inner chamber; sensory switchboard; router; sensory messages; smell; cortex
the thalamus also sends messages from the … to the … and …
cortex; medulla; cerebellum
damage to the thalamus can cause … and other …, even if the sensory organ is fine. however, it could not hurt …, which bypasses the thalamus and goes straight to the … in the brain
blindness; loss of senses; sense of smell; olfactory bulb
cerebellum (…): helps coordinate .. such as playing a sport. has many other functions, including enabling .. .and .. .
little brain; voluntary movement; nonverbal learning; memory
the cerebellum is located in two parts: behind the … and below the … of the brain
pons; back
the cerebellum is where … and … are stored. it also helps us judge .., modulate …, and integrate multiple sources of …
implicit memories; conditioning; time; emotions; sensory input
the limbic (…) system coordinates: … such as … and .., basic .. such as … and …, the formation of …
border; emotions; fear; aggression; ;drives; hunger; sex; episodic memories
the limbic system consists of the … and ..
hippocampus; amygdala
the hippocampus (“seahorse”) processes …, …; works with the amygdala to form …
conscious; episodic memories; emotionally charged memories
the amygdala (almond): consists of two … sized neural …; helps process …, especially … and …
lima bean-sized; clusters; emotions; fear; aggression
the limbic system is located on the border/limbus between the … and …; it is between the least complex and most advanced brain structures and between the …
brainstem; cortex; cerebral hemispheres
the hippocampus is one of the few places in the brain in which … is known to take place
neurogenesis
stimulating different parts of the amygdala triggers different versions of the …, … emotions; one part increases … reactions, while another increases … withdrawal. destruction of part of the amygdala can eliminate both emotions
defensive, self-protective emotions; aggressive; fearful
the hypothalamus: lies below the ..
regulates … and ensures adequate … and … (…), and is involved in …
directs the … system via messages to the …
thalamus; body temperature; food; water intake; homeostasis; sex drive; endocrine; pituitary gland
