Mod 5

Question 1

how did we move beyond phrenology?
by finding what happens when part of the brain is … or otherwise unable to …
by looking at the … and … of the brain through …, …, …, and … scans

Answer 1

damaged; work properly; structure; activity; CAT; MRI; fMRI; PET

Question 2

strategies for finding out what is different about the mind when part of the brain isn’t working normally:

• case studies of .. (e.g. …)
• case studies of … patients (… cut to stop …)
• … brain parts in animals to find out what happens
• chemically …, magnetically …, or electrically … parts of the brain

Answer 2

accidents; Phineas Gage; split-brain; corpus callosum; seizures; lesioning; numbing; deactivating; stimulating

Question 3

when a … or … damages part of the brain, we have a chance to see the impact on the mind

Answer 3

stroke; injury

Question 4

lesions: … of brain tissue
performed on ..
has yielded some insights, especially about … brain structures
no longer necessary, as we now can … or … deactivate brain areas to get similar information

Answer 4

surgical destruction; animals; less complex; chemically; magnetically

Question 5

split-brain:

“split” =- surgery in which the connection between the brain hemispheres is … in order to end …

Answer 5

cut; full-brain seizures

Question 6

corpus callosum sends … from one part of the brain to next

split-brain surgeries impacted people in such a way that it showed that all parts of the brain need to …

Answer 6

signals; be in conversation

Question 7

parts of the brain, and even …, can be stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically. this can result in behaviors such as …, …, or simulated …
researches can see which … or … fire in conjunction with certain …, and even specific …

Answer 7

neurons; giggling; head turning; vivid recall; neurons; neural networks; mental experiences; concepts

Question 8

tools to read electrical, metabolic, and magnetic activity in the brain:

• EEG: …
• PET: …
• MRI: …
• fMRI: …

Answer 8

electroencephalogram; positron emission tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; functional MRI

Question 9

an EEG is a recording of the … sweeping across the brain’s … An EEG is useful in studying … and …

Answer 9

electrical waves; surface; seizures; sleep

Question 10

EEGs use … placed on the …

Answer 10

electrodes; scalp

Question 11

The PET scan allows us to see what part of the brain is … by tracing where a … form of … goes while the brain performs a given task; shows how … is flowing

Answer 11

active; radioactive; glucose; blood

Question 12

MRI makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after … the … of …
MRIs show that schizophrenics have …

Answer 12

magnets align; spin; atoms; less brain matter

Question 13

functional MRI reveals … and … rather than … fMRI compares successive … taken a split second apart, and shows changes in the level of … in … in the brain

Answer 13

brain activity; function; structures; MRI images; oxygen; bloodflow

Question 14

the brainstem and cerebellum (…): …

Answer 14

hindbrain; coordinates the body

Question 15

the limbic (…) system (…): manages … and connects … to …

Answer 15

border; midbrain; emotions; thought; body

Question 16

the cortex (the outer covering) (….): integrates …

Answer 16

forebrain; information

Question 17

less complex brain structures include: 
... (... and ...)
... 
... 
... 
...

Answer 17

brainstem; pons; medulla; thalamus; reticular formation; cerebellum; limbic system

Question 18

brainstem: most … part of brain; sustains …–…, …, etc

Answer 18

simple; life; sleep regulation; breathing

Question 19

the brain’s innermost region begins where the …

Answer 19

spinal cord enters the skull

Question 20

brainstem contains the medulla which controls the most … such as … and …
someone with total brain damage above the medulla could still …, but someone with damage in this area could not

Answer 20

basic functions; heartbeat; breathing; breathe independently

Question 21

the pons helps coordinate … and … movements

Answer 21

automatic; unconscious

Question 22

pons controls movements such as …, …, …, and …. movement. it also has a role in suppressing body movement during …

Answer 22

swallowing; posture; facial expression; eye; REM sleep

Question 23

the pons supports communication across the … and also communication from the … to the …

Answer 23

hemispheres; frontal lobes; cerebellum

Question 24

reticular (…) formation: a … in the brainstem

Answer 24

netlike; nerve network

Question 25

reticular formation enables … (…) from … to …; it also filters incoming …

Answer 25

alertness; arousal; coma; wide awake; sensory information

Question 26

reticular formation branches from the … up into the …

Answer 26

spinal cord; thalamus

Question 27

reticular formation controls …: it selects which incoming information to send to other .. This enables us to follow a conversation in a crowd

Answer 27

selective awareness; brain areas

Question 28

the thalamus (...)
the "..." or "..." 
all ..., except ..., are routed through the thalamus on the way to the ... (higher, outer brain)

Answer 28

inner chamber; sensory switchboard; router; sensory messages; smell; cortex

Question 29

the thalamus also sends messages from the … to the … and …

Answer 29

cortex; medulla; cerebellum

Question 30

damage to the thalamus can cause … and other …, even if the sensory organ is fine. however, it could not hurt …, which bypasses the thalamus and goes straight to the … in the brain

Answer 30

blindness; loss of senses; sense of smell; olfactory bulb

Question 31

cerebellum (…): helps coordinate .. such as playing a sport. has many other functions, including enabling .. .and .. .

Answer 31

little brain; voluntary movement; nonverbal learning; memory

Question 32

the cerebellum is located in two parts: behind the … and below the … of the brain

Answer 32

pons; back

Question 33

the cerebellum is where … and … are stored. it also helps us judge .., modulate …, and integrate multiple sources of …

Answer 33

implicit memories; conditioning; time; emotions; sensory input

Question 34

the limbic (…) system coordinates: … such as … and .., basic .. such as … and …, the formation of …

Answer 34

border; emotions; fear; aggression; ;drives; hunger; sex; episodic memories

Question 35

the limbic system consists of the … and ..

Answer 35

hippocampus; amygdala

Question 36

the hippocampus (“seahorse”) processes …, …; works with the amygdala to form …

Answer 36

conscious; episodic memories; emotionally charged memories

Question 37

the amygdala (almond): consists of two … sized neural …; helps process …, especially … and …

Answer 37

lima bean-sized; clusters; emotions; fear; aggression

Question 38

the limbic system is located on the border/limbus between the … and …; it is between the least complex and most advanced brain structures and between the …

Answer 38

brainstem; cortex; cerebral hemispheres

Question 39

the hippocampus is one of the few places in the brain in which … is known to take place

Answer 39

neurogenesis

Question 40

stimulating different parts of the amygdala triggers different versions of the …, … emotions; one part increases … reactions, while another increases … withdrawal. destruction of part of the amygdala can eliminate both emotions

Answer 40

defensive, self-protective emotions; aggressive; fearful

Question 41

the hypothalamus: lies below the ..
regulates … and ensures adequate … and … (…), and is involved in …
directs the … system via messages to the …

Answer 41

thalamus; body temperature; food; water intake; homeostasis; sex drive; endocrine; pituitary gland