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psych > Mod 21 > Flashcards

Mod 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

operant conditioning involves adjusting to the … of our behaviors, so we can easily learn to do more of what …, and less of what …

A

consequences; works; doesn’t work

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2
Q

how operant conditioning works:
an act of chosen behavior (a …) is followed by a … or … feedback from the environment.
Results:
… behavior is more likely to be tried again
… behavior is less likely to be chosen in the future

A

response; reward; punitive; reinforced; punished

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3
Q

classical conditioning: involves … behavior, …, … reactions such as fear or craving

A

respondent; reflexive; automatic

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4
Q

classical conditioning:

these reactions to unconditioned stimuli become … with neutral stimuli

A

associated

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5
Q

classical conditioning: the experiment (neutral) stimulus repeatedly … the respondent behavior, and eventually triggers that behavior

A

precedes

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6
Q

operant conditioning: involves … behavior, chosen behaviors which … on the environment. These behaviors become associated with consequences which … (decrease) or …. (increase) the operant behavior

A

operant; operate; punish; reinforce

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7
Q

the experimental (consequence) stimulus in operant conditioning repeatedly … the operant behavior, and eventually punishes or reinforces that behavior

A

follows

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8
Q

thorndike’s law of effect: edward thorndike placed cats in a puzzle box; they were rewarded with food (and freedom) when they solved the puzzle. Thorndike noted that the cats took … to escape after repeated … and …

A

less time; trials; rewards

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9
Q

the law of effect states that behaviors followed by …. become more likely and behaviors followed by … become less likely

A

favorable consequences; unfavorable consequences

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10
Q

B.F. skinner, like ivan pavlov, pioneered more controlled methods of studying conditioning. the …, often called “the skinner box,” allowed detailed tracking of rates of … in response to different rates of …

A

operant chamber; behavior change; reinforcement

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11
Q

reinforcement refers to any feedback from the environment that makes a behavior …

A

more likely to recur

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12
Q

positive (adding) reinforcement: .. something … (e.g. warmth)

A

adding; desirable

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13
Q

negative (taking away) reinforcement: … something … (e.g., the cold)

A

ending; unpleasant

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14
Q

if we repeatedly introduce a neutral stimulus before a reinforcer, this stimulus acquires the power to be used as a …

A

reinforcer

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15
Q

a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that meets a … or otherwise is intrinsically …, such as food, sex, fun, attention, or power

A

basic need; desirable

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16
Q

a secondary/conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus, such as a rectangle of paper with numbers of on it (money) which has become associated with a … (money buys food, builds power)

A

primary reinforcer

17
Q

if you give a dog a treat ten minutes after they did a trick, you’ll be reinforcing whatever they did right before the treat. dogs respond to … reinforcement

A

immediate

18
Q

humans have the ability to link a consequence to a behavior even if they aren’t linked …. in time. the money can be a … reinforcer, paid a month later, yet still reinforcing if we link it to our performance

A

sequentially; delayed

19
Q

delaying gratification, a skill related to impulse control, enables …

A

longer-term goal setting

20
Q

b.f. skinner experimented with the effects of giving reinforcements in different …. or “schedules” to determine what worked best to … and … a target behavior

A

patterns; establish; maintain

21
Q

in … reinforcement (giving a reward after the target every single time), the subject acquires the desired behavior …

A

continuous; quickly

22
Q

in …/… reinforcement (giving rewards part of the time), the target behavior takes longer to be acquired/established but … without …

A

partial; intermittent; persists longer; reward

23
Q

we may schedule our reinforcements based on an … that has gone by. we may plan for a certain … of rewards per number of instances of the desired behavior

A

interval of time; ratio

24
Q

fixed interval schedule: reward every

A

hour

25
Q

variable interval schedule: reward after a …/… amount of time passes

A

changing; random

26
Q

fixed ratio schedule: reward every … behaviors

A

five targeted

27
Q

variable ratio schedule: reward after a randomly … of the target behavior

A

chosen instance

28
Q

fixed interval schedule brings …, … responding

variable interval schedule brings .., … responding

A

slow; unsustained; slow; consistent

29
Q

fixed ratio brings a … of responding

variable ratio brings high, … responding, even if reinforcement stops (resists …)

A

high rate; consistent; extinction

30
Q

punishments have the … effects of reinforcement. these consequences make the target behavior … to occur in the future

A

opposite; less likely;

31
Q

positive punishment: you … something …/… (e.g. spank the child)

A

add; unpleasant; aversive

32
Q

negative punishment: you … something …/… (ex: no TV time, no attention) – minus is the negative here

A

take away; pleasant; desired

33
Q

positive does nto mean … or … and negative does not mean … or …

A

good; desirable; bad; undesirable

34
Q

punished behaviors may … when the punishment is over; learning is not …

A

restart; lasting

35
Q

instead of learning behaviors, the child may learn to … among .., and avoid those in which punishment might occur

A

discriminate; situations

36
Q

instead of behaviors, the child might learn an attitude of … or .., which can interfere with learning. this can generalize to a …/… of all … or many …

A

fear; hatred; fear; hatred; adults; settings

37
Q

physical punishment models … and … as a method of dealing with problems

A

aggression; control

38
Q

problem: punishing focuses on what … to do, which does not guide people to a …

A

not; desired behavior

39
Q

with punishing, even if undesirable behaviors do stop, another … may emerge that serves the same purpose, especially if no … are taught and reinforced. lesson; in order to teach desired behavior, reinforce what’s right more often than … what’s wrong

A

problem behavior; replacement behaviors; punishing

psych (28 decks)

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