Mod 21 Flashcards
operant conditioning involves adjusting to the … of our behaviors, so we can easily learn to do more of what …, and less of what …
consequences; works; doesn’t work
how operant conditioning works:
an act of chosen behavior (a …) is followed by a … or … feedback from the environment.
Results:
… behavior is more likely to be tried again
… behavior is less likely to be chosen in the future
response; reward; punitive; reinforced; punished
classical conditioning: involves … behavior, …, … reactions such as fear or craving
respondent; reflexive; automatic
classical conditioning:
these reactions to unconditioned stimuli become … with neutral stimuli
associated
classical conditioning: the experiment (neutral) stimulus repeatedly … the respondent behavior, and eventually triggers that behavior
precedes
operant conditioning: involves … behavior, chosen behaviors which … on the environment. These behaviors become associated with consequences which … (decrease) or …. (increase) the operant behavior
operant; operate; punish; reinforce
the experimental (consequence) stimulus in operant conditioning repeatedly … the operant behavior, and eventually punishes or reinforces that behavior
follows
thorndike’s law of effect: edward thorndike placed cats in a puzzle box; they were rewarded with food (and freedom) when they solved the puzzle. Thorndike noted that the cats took … to escape after repeated … and …
less time; trials; rewards
the law of effect states that behaviors followed by …. become more likely and behaviors followed by … become less likely
favorable consequences; unfavorable consequences
B.F. skinner, like ivan pavlov, pioneered more controlled methods of studying conditioning. the …, often called “the skinner box,” allowed detailed tracking of rates of … in response to different rates of …
operant chamber; behavior change; reinforcement
reinforcement refers to any feedback from the environment that makes a behavior …
more likely to recur
positive (adding) reinforcement: .. something … (e.g. warmth)
adding; desirable
negative (taking away) reinforcement: … something … (e.g., the cold)
ending; unpleasant
if we repeatedly introduce a neutral stimulus before a reinforcer, this stimulus acquires the power to be used as a …
reinforcer
a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that meets a … or otherwise is intrinsically …, such as food, sex, fun, attention, or power
basic need; desirable
a secondary/conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus, such as a rectangle of paper with numbers of on it (money) which has become associated with a … (money buys food, builds power)
primary reinforcer
if you give a dog a treat ten minutes after they did a trick, you’ll be reinforcing whatever they did right before the treat. dogs respond to … reinforcement
immediate
humans have the ability to link a consequence to a behavior even if they aren’t linked …. in time. the money can be a … reinforcer, paid a month later, yet still reinforcing if we link it to our performance
sequentially; delayed
delaying gratification, a skill related to impulse control, enables …
longer-term goal setting
b.f. skinner experimented with the effects of giving reinforcements in different …. or “schedules” to determine what worked best to … and … a target behavior
patterns; establish; maintain
in … reinforcement (giving a reward after the target every single time), the subject acquires the desired behavior …
continuous; quickly
in …/… reinforcement (giving rewards part of the time), the target behavior takes longer to be acquired/established but … without …
partial; intermittent; persists longer; reward
we may schedule our reinforcements based on an … that has gone by. we may plan for a certain … of rewards per number of instances of the desired behavior
interval of time; ratio
fixed interval schedule: reward every
hour
variable interval schedule: reward after a …/… amount of time passes
changing; random
fixed ratio schedule: reward every … behaviors
five targeted
variable ratio schedule: reward after a randomly … of the target behavior
chosen instance
fixed interval schedule brings …, … responding
variable interval schedule brings .., … responding
slow; unsustained; slow; consistent
fixed ratio brings a … of responding
variable ratio brings high, … responding, even if reinforcement stops (resists …)
high rate; consistent; extinction
punishments have the … effects of reinforcement. these consequences make the target behavior … to occur in the future
opposite; less likely;
positive punishment: you … something …/… (e.g. spank the child)
add; unpleasant; aversive
negative punishment: you … something …/… (ex: no TV time, no attention) – minus is the negative here
take away; pleasant; desired
positive does nto mean … or … and negative does not mean … or …
good; desirable; bad; undesirable
punished behaviors may … when the punishment is over; learning is not …
restart; lasting
instead of learning behaviors, the child may learn to … among .., and avoid those in which punishment might occur
discriminate; situations
instead of behaviors, the child might learn an attitude of … or .., which can interfere with learning. this can generalize to a …/… of all … or many …
fear; hatred; fear; hatred; adults; settings
physical punishment models … and … as a method of dealing with problems
aggression; control
problem: punishing focuses on what … to do, which does not guide people to a …
not; desired behavior
with punishing, even if undesirable behaviors do stop, another … may emerge that serves the same purpose, especially if no … are taught and reinforced. lesson; in order to teach desired behavior, reinforce what’s right more often than … what’s wrong
problem behavior; replacement behaviors; punishing
