Mod 18 Flashcards
we encounter waves of … and our eyes respond to some of these. our brain turns these energy wave sensations into …
electromagnetic radiation; colors
we perceive the wavelength/frequency of electromagnetic waves as … or …
we perceive the height/amplitude of these waves as …, or …
color; hue; intensity; brightness
light from the candle passes through the … and the … and gets focused and inverted by the … the light then lands on the … where it begins the process of … into neural impulses to be sent out through the …
cornea; pupil; lens; retina; transduction; optic nerve
the lens is not …; it can perform … by changing .. to focus on near or far objects
rigid; accommodation; shape
there is an area of missing information in our field of vision known as the … this occurs because the eye has no … at the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye
blind spot; receptor cells;
when light reaches the back of the retina, it triggers chemical changes in the receptor cells, called … and … These in turn send messages to … and … and on to the …
rods; cones; ganglion; bipolar cells; optic nerve
rods help us see the … and … actions in our .. view and in the … Rods are about .. times more common than cones, which help us see … in …
black; white; peripheral; dark; 20; sharp colorful details; bright light
the images we “see” are not made of light; they are made of … which can be produced even by .. on the eyeball. once neural signals enter the optic nerve, they are sent through the … to the …
neural signals; pressure; thalamus; visual cortex
some ganglion cells in the eye send signals directly to the … in response to certain features such as …,, certain …, …, or …
visual cortex; visual patterns; edges; lines; movements
in and around the visual cortex of the occipital lobe, .. integrate these feature signals to recognize more … forms such as faces
supercells; complex
turning light into the mental act of seeing:
… –> … –> … –> … –> …
light waves; chemical reactions; neural impulses; features; objects
parallel processing refers to building … out of sensory details processed in different areas of the brain
perceptions
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory: there are three types of color receptor cones: …, …, and … all the colors we perceive are created by light waves stimulating …
red; green; blue; combinations of these cones
people missing red cones or green cones have trouble differentiating … from …,
red; green
opponent-process theory refers to the neural process of perceiving … as the opposite of perceiving …; similarly, yellow vs. blue, and red vs. green are opponent processes
white; black
we have perceptual processes for enabling us to organize perceived colors and lines into objects:
grouping incomplete parts into …
seeing figures standing out against …
perceiving …, …, and …
keeping a sense of … and … despite changes in visual information
using … to guide visual interpretation
gestalt wholes; background; form; motion; depth; shape; color constancy; experience
gestalt refers to a meaningful …/… forming a … that is more than the sum of its parts
pattern; configuration; whole
three of the ways we group visual information into wholes are …, …, and …
proximity; continuity; closure
binocular (using both eyes) cues exist because humans have … in the front of our head. this gives us …; the two eyes have slightly different views, and the more different the views are, the … the object must be.
two eyes; retinal disparity; closer
interposition: when one object appears to … of another, we assume that the blocking object is in a position … our eyes and the blocked object
block the view; between;
monocular cue: relative size- we intuitively know to interpret familiar objects (of known size) as … when they appear …
farther away; smaller
monocular cues: linear perspective and interposition–> the flowers in the distance seem farther away because the rows … our brain reads this as a sign of …
converge; distance
we tend to perceive the higher part of a scene as …
farther away
shading helps our perception of ..
depth
monocular cues: relative motion– when we are moving, we can tell which objects are … because it takes … to pass them
farther away; longer
objects moving toward us: we perceive this motion by watching the … of an object
changing apparent size
objects moving to one side: we perceive …, although we often judge huge objects …
relative motion; inaccurately
objects traveling in a more complex path, such as in an arc through the air coming toward us: baseball players, and even dogs, can run right to where a fly ball is going to land by keeping the ball in a …. in the sky
constant apparent position
our ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, at different distances and angles, is called … This is a … process
examples: color and brightness constancy, shape and size constancy
perceptual constancy; top-down
color constancy: this ability to see a … in changing ….
consistent color; illumination
shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as having a … despite receiving different …
constant shape; sensory images
why do we perceive the moon as a different size depending on its location? one possible theory is that our ancestors assumed overhead objects were … than objects on the … The moon seems larger because we see it as …
closer; horizon; farther away
size constancy: we have an ability to use distance-related context cues to help us objects as the … even if the image on the retina becomes …
same size; smaller
