Mod 18

Question 1

we encounter waves of … and our eyes respond to some of these. our brain turns these energy wave sensations into …

Answer 1

electromagnetic radiation; colors

Question 2

we perceive the wavelength/frequency of electromagnetic waves as … or …
we perceive the height/amplitude of these waves as …, or …

Answer 2

color; hue; intensity; brightness

Question 3

light from the candle passes through the … and the … and gets focused and inverted by the … the light then lands on the … where it begins the process of … into neural impulses to be sent out through the …

Answer 3

cornea; pupil; lens; retina; transduction; optic nerve

Question 4

the lens is not …; it can perform … by changing .. to focus on near or far objects

Answer 4

rigid; accommodation; shape

Question 5

there is an area of missing information in our field of vision known as the … this occurs because the eye has no … at the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Answer 5

blind spot; receptor cells;

Question 6

when light reaches the back of the retina, it triggers chemical changes in the receptor cells, called … and … These in turn send messages to … and … and on to the …

Answer 6

rods; cones; ganglion; bipolar cells; optic nerve

Question 7

rods help us see the … and … actions in our .. view and in the … Rods are about .. times more common than cones, which help us see … in …

Answer 7

black; white; peripheral; dark; 20; sharp colorful details; bright light

Question 8

the images we “see” are not made of light; they are made of … which can be produced even by .. on the eyeball. once neural signals enter the optic nerve, they are sent through the … to the …

Answer 8

neural signals; pressure; thalamus; visual cortex

Question 9

some ganglion cells in the eye send signals directly to the … in response to certain features such as …,, certain …, …, or …

Answer 9

visual cortex; visual patterns; edges; lines; movements

Question 10

in and around the visual cortex of the occipital lobe, .. integrate these feature signals to recognize more … forms such as faces

Answer 10

supercells; complex

Question 11

turning light into the mental act of seeing:

… –> … –> … –> … –> …

Answer 11

light waves; chemical reactions; neural impulses; features; objects

Question 12

parallel processing refers to building … out of sensory details processed in different areas of the brain

Answer 12

perceptions

Question 13

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory: there are three types of color receptor cones: …, …, and … all the colors we perceive are created by light waves stimulating …

Answer 13

red; green; blue; combinations of these cones

Question 14

people missing red cones or green cones have trouble differentiating … from …,

Answer 14

red; green

Question 15

opponent-process theory refers to the neural process of perceiving … as the opposite of perceiving …; similarly, yellow vs. blue, and red vs. green are opponent processes

Answer 15

white; black

Question 16

we have perceptual processes for enabling us to organize perceived colors and lines into objects:
grouping incomplete parts into …
seeing figures standing out against …
perceiving …, …, and …
keeping a sense of … and … despite changes in visual information
using … to guide visual interpretation

Answer 16

gestalt wholes; background; form; motion; depth; shape; color constancy; experience

Question 17

gestalt refers to a meaningful …/… forming a … that is more than the sum of its parts

Answer 17

pattern; configuration; whole

Question 18

three of the ways we group visual information into wholes are …, …, and …

Answer 18

proximity; continuity; closure

Question 19

binocular (using both eyes) cues exist because humans have … in the front of our head. this gives us …; the two eyes have slightly different views, and the more different the views are, the … the object must be.

Answer 19

two eyes; retinal disparity; closer

Question 20

interposition: when one object appears to … of another, we assume that the blocking object is in a position … our eyes and the blocked object

Answer 20

block the view; between;

Question 21

monocular cue: relative size- we intuitively know to interpret familiar objects (of known size) as … when they appear …

Answer 21

farther away; smaller

Question 22

monocular cues: linear perspective and interposition–> the flowers in the distance seem farther away because the rows … our brain reads this as a sign of …

Answer 22

converge; distance

Question 23

we tend to perceive the higher part of a scene as …

Answer 23

farther away

Question 24

shading helps our perception of ..

Answer 24

depth

Question 25

monocular cues: relative motion– when we are moving, we can tell which objects are … because it takes … to pass them

Answer 25

farther away; longer

Question 26

objects moving toward us: we perceive this motion by watching the … of an object

Answer 26

changing apparent size

Question 27

objects moving to one side: we perceive …, although we often judge huge objects …

Answer 27

relative motion; inaccurately

Question 28

objects traveling in a more complex path, such as in an arc through the air coming toward us: baseball players, and even dogs, can run right to where a fly ball is going to land by keeping the ball in a …. in the sky

Answer 28

constant apparent position

Question 29

our ability to see objects as appearing the same even under different lighting conditions, at different distances and angles, is called … This is a … process
examples: color and brightness constancy, shape and size constancy

Answer 29

perceptual constancy; top-down

Question 30

color constancy: this ability to see a … in changing ….

Answer 30

consistent color; illumination

Question 31

shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as having a … despite receiving different …

Answer 31

constant shape; sensory images

Question 32

why do we perceive the moon as a different size depending on its location? one possible theory is that our ancestors assumed overhead objects were … than objects on the … The moon seems larger because we see it as …

Answer 32

closer; horizon; farther away

Question 33

size constancy: we have an ability to use distance-related context cues to help us objects as the … even if the image on the retina becomes …

Answer 33

same size; smaller