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psych > Mod 27 > Flashcards

Mod 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition refers to … and … associated with thinking, knowing, remembering,a nd communicating information

A

mental activities; processes

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2
Q

cognition can include .., …, and assembling new info into …

A

reasoning; judgment; knowledge

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3
Q

cognition also supports these other psychological processes: …, …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and …

A

attention; emotion; consciousness; perception; learning; memory; language; mental health; social interaction

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4
Q

A concept is a mental grouping of similar …, …, …, …, and/or …, etc

A

objects; events; states; ideas; people

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5
Q

a concept can be represented and communicated by an …, or by a … such as “chair,” “party,” or “democracy”

A

image; word

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6
Q

we think we form concepts by definitions. but, we often form concepts by developing …, that is, mental images of the best … of a concept

A

definitions; prototypes; example

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7
Q

we tend to mold our memories and perceptions to fit …

A

pre-existing categories/concepts

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8
Q

prototypes fail us when examples stretch our ..,. as in considering whether a stool is a chair

A

definitions

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9
Q

prototypes fail us when the … between concepts is fuzzy, as in judging blue-green colors or computer-blended faces

A

boundary

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10
Q

prototypes fail us when examples … our prototypes, such as considering whether a whale is a mammal, or a penguin is a bird

A

contradict

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11
Q

problem solving refers to the thinking we do in order to answer a … or to figure out how to resolve an …

A

complex question; unfavorable situation

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12
Q 
strategies for arriving at solutions include:
…and … 
… 
… 
…
A

trial; error; algorithms; heuristics; insight

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13
Q

trial and error involves trying various … and if that fails, trying others

A

possible solutions

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14
Q

an algorithm is a step by step … for solving a problem, methodically leading to a specific solution

A

strategy

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15
Q

a heuristic is a short-cut, step-saving … or … which generates a solution quickly (but possibly in error)

A

thinking strategy; principle

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16
Q

insight refers to a sudden …, a leap forward in …, that leads to a solution

A

realization; thinking

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17
Q

Saltin was a monkey who saw a banana out of his reach, had an … moment when he saw the stick in the room and used it to get the banana. the monkey had never previously …

A

ah ha; used a tool

18
Q

insight refers to a …, a leap forward in thinking, that leads to a solution
we say “aha” and feel a sense of satisfaction when an answer seems to pop into our minds
joke punchlines rely on ..

A

sudden realization; sudden insight

19
Q

there are certain tendencies in human cognition which make it more difficult to find correct solutions to problems:
…, …, and …

A

confirmation bias; fixation/mental set; heuristics

20
Q

confirmation bias refers to our tendency to search for information which .., disregarding ..

A

confirms our current theory; contradictory evidence

21
Q

Peter Wason’s selection test: ‘
he gave the sequence of number “2,4,6” he asked students to guess his .., and ask him whether other certain numbers fit the rule –> study of …

A

rule; confirmation bias

22
Q

the ultimate test of our mastery of confirmation bias in psychology might be our ability to avoid confirmation bias in …

A

research

23
Q

mental set: the tendency to approach problems using a … (procedures and methods) that has … previously

A

mindset; worked

24
Q

fixation: the tendency to get stuck in one way of …; an inability to see a problem from a …

A

thinking; new perspective

25
Q

the human cognitive style of making judgments and decisions is more … than …

A

efficient; logical

26
Q

the quick-acting, automatic source of ideas we use instead of … is known as …

A

careful reasoning; intuition

27
Q

as with problem-solving, there are mental habits which make intuition-style judgments simpler and quicker, but may lead to errors:
the availability …
…
…
…
all of these habits enable us to quickly make hundreds of small gut decisions each day without bothering with systematic reasoning

A

heuristic; overconfidence; belief perseverance; framing

28
Q

we use the availability heuristic when we estimate the … of an event based on how much it … in our mind, that is, how much it’s available as a mental reference

A

likelihood; stands out

29
Q

overconfidence in judgments refers to our tendency to be more … than … we overestimate the accuracy of our estimates, predictions, and knowledge

A

confident; correct

30
Q

overconfidence may have had survival value:
it allows …
feeling certainty reduces … and …
it may allow people to gain …

A

quick decisions; stress; anxiety; social power

31
Q

belief perseverance is the tendency to hold onto our … when facing …

A

beliefs; contrary evidence

32
Q

belief perseverance error: we interpret information in a way that fits our … we might claim that the new information is wrong, biased, or just “doesn’t make sense”
… are maintained by this error; people often disregard examples contradicting stereotypes by treating the new info as merely an exception, and not a challenge to the rule

A

beliefs; stereotypes

33
Q

confirmation bias is … to seek out information that contradicts your ideas whereas belief perseverance is holding on to your ideas over time, and … information that contradicts your ideas

A

not bothering; actively rejecting

34
Q

benefits and downsides of confirmation bias: enables … solutions, but misses finding out when first guesses are …

A

quick; wrong

35
Q

benefits and downsides of belief perseverance: less internal …, but more …

A

mental conflict; social conflict

36
Q

framing is the …, …, or … that affects our judgments and decisions

A

focus; emphasis; perspective

37
Q

intuition: we have seen that in complex situations, it helps to use … to avoid mistakes made by intuitive judgment.s however, research supports the idea that sometimes we need to let our unconscious mind do some work

A

careful reasoning

38
Q

…refers to the power of taking a break from careful thinking, even to “sleep on it’ to allow leaps in cognition

A

incubation

39
Q

intuition may have been adaptive by helping us judge quickly what to … and what might …

A

eat; kill us

40
Q

intuition is effective when it is a product of … built up from trail and error; this hones one’s judgment ot the point of being more accurate than logical analysis. the mind’s ability to judge a situation from experience is more .. than any step-by-step analysis

A

expertise; efficient

psych (28 decks)

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