Mod 22

Question 1

biological influences on learning:
…
… responses
… responses

Answer 1

genetic predispositions; unconditioned; adaptive

Question 2

psychological influences on learning: 
previous ... 
predictability of ... 
... 
...

Answer 2

experiences; associations; generalization; discrimination

Question 3

john garcia and others found it was easier to learn associations that

Answer 3

make sense for survival

Question 4

food aversions can be acquired even if the unconditioned response (nausea) does nto .. follow the neutral stimulus. when acquiring food aversions during pregnancy or illness, the body associates nausea with whatever food was eaten

Answer 4

immediately follow

Question 5

males in one study were more likely to see a pictured woman as attractive if the picture had a

Answer 5

red border

Question 6

operant conditioning encounters … and … that are difficult to override

Answer 6

biological tendencies; limits

Question 7

in classical conditioning:
when the dog salivates at the bell, it may be due to … (learning to predict, even expect, the food)
knowing that our reactions are caused by conditioning gives us the option of mentally … (e.g. deciding that nausea associated with a fodo aversion was actually caused by an illness)
higher ordering conditioning involves some …; the name of a food may trigger salivation

Answer 7

cognition; breaking the association; cognition

Question 8

in operant conditioning:
in fixed interval reinforcement, animals do more target …/… around the time that the reward is more likely, as if … the reward
expectation as a cognitive skill is even more evident in the ability of humans to respond to … such as a paycheck
higher-order conditioning can be enabled with … (e.g. seeing something such as money as a reward bc of its indirect value)

Answer 8

behaviors; responses; expecting; delayed reinforcers; cognition

Question 9

rats appear to form … they can learn a maze just by wandering, with no cheese to reinforce their learning. evidence of these is revealed once the cheese is placed somewhere in the maze. after only a few trials, these rats quickly catch up in maze-solving to rats who were rewarded with cheese all along –> … learning refers to skills or knowledge gained from …, but not apparent in behavior until …

Answer 9

cognitive maps; latent; experience; rewards are given

Question 10

intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to perform a behavior well … the reward is internalized as a …

Answer 10

for its own sake; feeling of satisfaction

Question 11

extrinsic motivation refers to doing a behavior to

Answer 11

receive rewards from others

Question 12

intrinsic motivation can sometimes be reduced by …, and can be prevented by using …

Answer 12

external rewards; continuous reinforcement

Question 13

one principle for maintaining behavior is to use as few … as possible, and fade them over time

Answer 13

rewards

Question 14

observational learning: watching what happens when other people do a behavior and

Answer 14

learning from their experience

Question 15

skills required for observational learning; …- being able to picture ourselves doing the same action and …-noticing … and …

Answer 15

mirroring; cognition; consequences; associations

Question 16

modeling: the behavior of others serves as a …, an example of how to respond to a situation; we may try this model regardless of reinforcement

Answer 16

model

Question 17

vicarious conditioning:
vicarious- experience d.., through others
vicarious reinforcement and punishment means our choices are … as we see others get … for their behaviors

Answer 17

indirectly; affected; consequences

Question 18

albert bandura’s bobo doll experiment: kids saw adults punching an inflated doll while narrating their aggressive behaviors such as “kick him” these kids were then put in a toy-deprived situation. and acted out the …

Answer 18

same behaviors they had seen

Question 19

when we watch others doing or feeling something, neurons fire in patterns that would fire if we were … or … ourselves. these neurons are referred to as … and they fire only to … the actions/feelings of others

Answer 19

doing the action; having the feeling; mirror neurons; reflect

Question 20

humans are prone to … of both behaviors and emotions (emotional contagion) –> this includes even …, that is, copying adult behaviors that have no function and no reward

Answer 20

spontaneous imitation; overimitating

Question 21

children with autism are less likely to … and less likely to follow someone else’s gaze as a neurotypical toddler would do

Answer 21

cognitively mirror

Question 22

mirroring enables …; we cognitively practice a behavior just by … it

Answer 22

observational learning; watching

Question 23

prosocial behavior refers to actions which …, contribute … to groups, and follow … and …

Answer 23

benefit others; value; moral codes; social norms

Question 24

parents try to teach prosocial behavior through …, but it may be taught best through …–esp if the kids can see the benefits of the behavior to oneself or others

Answer 24

lectures; modeling

Question 25

what happens when we learn from models who demonstrate antisocial behavior–actions that are … to individuals and society? children who witness violence in their homes but are not physically harmed themselves may … violence but still may become … more often than the avg child

Answer 25

harmful; hate; violent

Question 26

bobo doll effect–under stress we do what has been

Answer 26

modeled for us

Question 27

research shows that viewing media violence leads to increased … and reduced .. behavior

Answer 27

aggression; prosocial

Question 28

violence-viewing effect might be explained by … and also by … towards pain in others

Answer 28

imitation; desensitization