Mod 10 Flashcards
psychoactive drugs are chemicals introduced into the body which alter …, …, and other elements of conscious experience
perceptions; moods
many psychoactive drugs can be harmful to the body. psychoactive drugs are particularly dangerous when a person develops an … or becomes … on the substance
addiction; dependent
factors related to addiction: …, …, impact on … of substance use, physical and psychological …
tolerance; withdrawal; daily life; dependence
tolerance of a drug refers to the diminished … after repeated use. tolerance feeds addiction because users take .. of a drug to get the desired effect
psychoactive effects
after the benefits of a substance wear off, especially after tolerance has developed, drug users may experience .. (painful symptoms of the body readjusting to the absence of the drug)
withdrawal
withdrawal … addiction because users want to resume taking the drug to end withdrawal symptoms
worsens
in physical dependence, the body has been altered in ways that create … for the drug (e.g. to end withdrawal symptoms)
cravings
in psychological dependence a person’s resources for coping with daily life … as a drug becomes “needed” to …, .., or …
wither; relax; socialize; sleep
depressants are chemicals that reduce … and other body functions. examples: …, …, and …
neural activity; alcohol; barbiturates; opiates
(alcohol impact on functioning) slow …, reduced … nervous system activity, and slower … and … reaction
neural processing; sympathetic; thought; physical
(alcohol impact on functioning) reduced memory formation caused by disrupted … and reduced … formation
REM sleep; synapse
(alcohol impact on functioning) impaired .., impaired …, self-… and …; increased … and …
self-control; judgment; monitoring; inhibition; accidents; aggression
(alcohol impact on functioning) chronic use of alcohol can lead to
brain damage
barbiturates are …–drugs that depress … activity
tranquilizers; central nervous system
(alcohol impact on functioning) examples of barbiturates: Nembutal, seconal, amytal
effects of barbiturates: reducing … and inducing …
problems: reducing …, …, and …; can lead to … if combined with alcohol
anxiety; sleep; memory; judgment; concentration; death
opiates are highly … depressants
addictive
opiates depress … activity; this reduces …, and especially reduces …
high doses of opiates produce …
nervous system; anxiety; pain; euphoria
opiates work at … for the body’s natural pain reducers (…)
receptor sites; endorphins
opiates are chemical such as … and … that are made from the opium …
morphine; heroin; poppy
stimulants are drugs which … neural activity and bodily functions
intensify
some physical effects of stimulants: … pupils, increased …. and …, increased …, decreased …
examples of stimulants: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy
dilated; breathing; heart rate; blood sugar; appetite
caffeine adds …, disrupts sleep for …-… hours, can lead to withdrawal symptoms if used daily: …, …, …, difficulty …, …
energy; 3;4; headaches; irritability; fatigue; concentrating; depression
the main effect of nicotine use is
addiction
nicotine arouses the brain to a state of …, increases … and …, at high levels, it relaxes … and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce …, reduces … to extremities, and suppresses appetite for …
increased alertness; heart rate; blood pressure; muscles; stress; circulation; carbohydrates
why do people smoke?
starting to smoke: invited by …, influenced by … and …
continuing: positively reinforced by … effects
not stopping: after regular use, smokers have difficulty stopping because of … symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, distractibility, and irritability
peers; culture; media; physically stimulating; withdrawal
cocaine blocks reuptake (and thus increases levels at the synapse of:
… (feels rewarding)
… (lifts mood)
… (provides energy)
effect on consciousness: euphoria!! at least for … minutes
dopamine; serotonin; norepinephrine; 45
for cocaine: euphoria crashes into a state worse than before taking the drug, with …, …, and …
users develop tolerance; over time, withdrawal symptoms of cocaine use get worse, and users take more just to feel normal
cycles of overdose and withdrawal can sometimes bring …, …, …, and …
agitation; depression; pain; convulsions; violence; heart attack; death
methamphetamine triggers the sustained release of …, sometimes leading to … hours of euphoria and energy
what happens next: irritability, insomnia, …, …, …,depression
“meth” addiction can become all-consuming
dopamine; 8; seizures; hypertension; violence
ecstasy/MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
ecstasy is a synthetic … that increases … and greatly increases …
stimulant; dopamine; serotonin
ecstasy effects on consciousness: …., … stimulation, …, and artificial feeling of … and …
euphoria; CNS; hallucinations; social connectedness; intimacy
what happens next with ecstasy? in the short run, regretted …, …, …, and …
make it past that, and you might have: damaged …, causing permanently depressed mood
disrupted … and …
impaired … and …
suppressed …
behavior; dehydration; overheating; high blood pressure; serotonin-producing neurons; sleep; circadian rhythm; memory; slowed thinking; immune system
(hallucinogens) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide): LSD and similar drugs interfere with … transmission. This causes …–images and other “sensations” that didn’t come in through the senses
serotonin; hallucinations;
(hallucinogens) marijuana/THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): marijuana binds with brain … receptors. Effect on consciousness: amplifies …, disinhibits …, … mood, lack of ability to sense …
cannabinoid; sensations; impulses; euphoric; satiety
(hallucinogens) marijuana-what happens next:
impaired …, … ability, and …
THC accumulates in the body, increasing the effects of the next use
over time, the brain … in areas processing … and …
…. damage
motor coordination; perceptual; reaction time; shrinks; memory; emotion; smoke inhalation
biological influences that can lead to drug use:
genetic …
variations in … systems
predispositions; neurotransmitter
psychological influences that can lead to drug use:
lacking sense of …
significant …
psychological disorders, such as …
purpose; stress; depression
social-cultural influences that can lead to drug use:
… environment
… attitude toward drug use
… influences
urban; cultural; peer
(what can turn drug use into dependence)
biological factors: dependence in …, … in childhood, genes related to … and …, and easily disrupted dopamine …
relatives; thrill-seeking; alcohol sensitivity; dependence; reward system
(what can turn drug use into dependence) psychological factors: seeking …, .., problems forming …, problems assessing … and …
gratification; depression; identity; risks; costs
(what can turn drug use into dependence) social influences: media …, observing …
glorification; peers
