Mod 28

Question 1

language consists of the use of … to represent, transmit, and store meaning/informatin

Answer 1

symbols

Question 2

symbols include organized patterns of …, …, and …

Answer 2

sounds; visual representations; movements

Question 3

meaning includes …, …, …, …, …, .., .., and …

Answer 3

concepts; quantities; plans; identity; feelings; ideas; facts; customs

Question 4

uses and structure of language:
we can hear about and understand phenomena we have never ..
we can connect to people …
we can make plans have others …
we can know what another person is thinking more … than just by observing their behavior
we can … information

Answer 4

experienced; far away; carry them out; directly; store

Question 5

phonemes are the smallest units of … (… and …)

Answer 5

sound; vowels; consonants

Question 6

morphemes are the units of … (ie. words and meaningful parts of words such as …,…)

Answer 6

meaning; suffixes; prefixes

Question 7

grammar refers to the rules for …, including …, …, …, and … (how the order of words makes meaning)

Answer 7

using words; semantics; definitions; connotations; syntax

Question 8

we acquire the use of … new words per day (on avg) between ages 2 and 18

Answer 8

10

Question 9

children learn the basic grammar of language before they can

Answer 9

add 2 +2

Question 10

most kids can recall words and meanings, and assemble words into sentences, while simultaneously following … for speaking and listening

Answer 10

social rules

Question 11

0-4 months: … language-associating sounds with …, and recognizing when sounds are … into words

Answer 11

receptive; facial movements; broken

Question 12

4 months: … language-… in multilingual sounds and gestures

Answer 12

productive; babbling

Question 13

10 months: babbling sounds more like the ..

Answer 13

parents’/household’s language

Question 14

12 months: … stage: understanding and beginning to say many ..

Answer 14

one-word; nouns

Question 15

18-24 months: …-word, …/.. speech: adding .. and making sentences but missing words

Answer 15

two; telegraphic; tweet; verbs

Question 16

24+ months, 2+ years: speaking … sentences and understanding ..

Answer 16

full; complex sentences

Question 17

dogs and babies have … language

Answer 17

receptive

Question 18

process of babies learning language is … –> they see parent’s response and adjust their actions to that

Answer 18

operant conditioning

Question 19

the role of genes: we seem to have an inborn (..) talent for … language, though no particular kind of language is in the genes

Answer 19

genetic; acquiring

Question 20

the role of experience: we also seem to have a “…” pattern recognition talent. infants quickly recognize patterns in … and …, preparing them to later learn words and syntax

Answer 20

statistical; syllable frequency; sequence

Question 21

according to one study with immigrants, beginning a language later made it harder to learn the … and the … of the second language

Answer 21

pronunciation; grammar

Question 22

it is important to begin appropriate language exposure/education … so that language centers of the brain continue to … –> known as .. .period
language might never develop if not begun by age 7

Answer 22

early; develop; critical

Question 23

deaf and blind children an use complex … by using other senses that are heightened

Answer 23

adapted languages

Question 24

sign language has the syntax, grammar, and complex meaning of any

Answer 24

spoken language

Question 25

aphasia: an impairment in the ability to … or …, usually caused by …

Answer 25

produce; understand language; brain damage

Question 26

damage to broca’s area leads to difficulty in … in sentences or even .., although a person can sing a song

Answer 26

putting words together; speaking single words

Question 27

damage to Wernicke’s area leads to difficulty … and producing .. (not easily monitoring one’s own speech to make sure it …)

Answer 27

comprehending speech; coherent speech; makes sense

Question 28

both broca’s and Wernicke’s area are in the

Answer 28

left temporal lobe

Question 29

how to read a word:

1. visual cortext receives … as …
2. angular gyrus transforms visual representations into an …
3. Wernicke’s area …
4. broca’s area controsl … via the …
5. motor cortex: word is …

Answer 29

written words; visual stimulation; auditory code; interprets auditory code; speech muscles; motor cortex; pronounced

Question 30

productive language: many animals have “words”: .., …, .. to communicate information, including different words for different objects, states, and places

Answer 30

sounds; gestures; dances

Question 31

can other species communicate with us through language? Washoe the chimpanzee learned to use .. to express what she wanted or noticed. fellow chimpanzees learned signs from each other without … and without …

Answer 31

245 signs; training; rewards

Question 32

linguistic determinism: the idea that our specific language
for example, Benjamin whorf proposed that because the hopi do not have past tense forms for verbs, it is hard for them to think about the past

Answer 32

determines how we think

Question 33

language influencecs thought –> gender neutral vs. male-based usage
even if “he” and “mankind” are meant at times to be gender-includisv,e people do create a … in their mind when they hear these terms

Answer 33

male image

Question 34

people who are bilingual have numerous … and ..

Answer 34

brain connections; neural networks

Question 35

bilingual people also have a hidden talent, the ability to … one language while leanring another this ability tends to go along with other forms of executive control, such as resisting distraction and inhibiting impulses

Answer 35

suppress