Mod 28 Flashcards
language consists of the use of … to represent, transmit, and store meaning/informatin
symbols
symbols include organized patterns of …, …, and …
sounds; visual representations; movements
meaning includes …, …, …, …, …, .., .., and …
concepts; quantities; plans; identity; feelings; ideas; facts; customs
uses and structure of language:
we can hear about and understand phenomena we have never ..
we can connect to people …
we can make plans have others …
we can know what another person is thinking more … than just by observing their behavior
we can … information
experienced; far away; carry them out; directly; store
phonemes are the smallest units of … (… and …)
sound; vowels; consonants
morphemes are the units of … (ie. words and meaningful parts of words such as …,…)
meaning; suffixes; prefixes
grammar refers to the rules for …, including …, …, …, and … (how the order of words makes meaning)
using words; semantics; definitions; connotations; syntax
we acquire the use of … new words per day (on avg) between ages 2 and 18
10
children learn the basic grammar of language before they can
add 2 +2
most kids can recall words and meanings, and assemble words into sentences, while simultaneously following … for speaking and listening
social rules
0-4 months: … language-associating sounds with …, and recognizing when sounds are … into words
receptive; facial movements; broken
4 months: … language-… in multilingual sounds and gestures
productive; babbling
10 months: babbling sounds more like the ..
parents’/household’s language
12 months: … stage: understanding and beginning to say many ..
one-word; nouns
18-24 months: …-word, …/.. speech: adding .. and making sentences but missing words
two; telegraphic; tweet; verbs
24+ months, 2+ years: speaking … sentences and understanding ..
full; complex sentences
dogs and babies have … language
receptive
process of babies learning language is … –> they see parent’s response and adjust their actions to that
operant conditioning
the role of genes: we seem to have an inborn (..) talent for … language, though no particular kind of language is in the genes
genetic; acquiring
the role of experience: we also seem to have a “…” pattern recognition talent. infants quickly recognize patterns in … and …, preparing them to later learn words and syntax
statistical; syllable frequency; sequence
according to one study with immigrants, beginning a language later made it harder to learn the … and the … of the second language
pronunciation; grammar
it is important to begin appropriate language exposure/education … so that language centers of the brain continue to … –> known as .. .period
language might never develop if not begun by age 7
early; develop; critical
deaf and blind children an use complex … by using other senses that are heightened
adapted languages
sign language has the syntax, grammar, and complex meaning of any
spoken language
aphasia: an impairment in the ability to … or …, usually caused by …
produce; understand language; brain damage
damage to broca’s area leads to difficulty in … in sentences or even .., although a person can sing a song
putting words together; speaking single words
damage to Wernicke’s area leads to difficulty … and producing .. (not easily monitoring one’s own speech to make sure it …)
comprehending speech; coherent speech; makes sense
both broca’s and Wernicke’s area are in the
left temporal lobe
how to read a word:
- visual cortext receives … as …
- angular gyrus transforms visual representations into an …
- Wernicke’s area …
- broca’s area controsl … via the …
- motor cortex: word is …
written words; visual stimulation; auditory code; interprets auditory code; speech muscles; motor cortex; pronounced
productive language: many animals have “words”: .., …, .. to communicate information, including different words for different objects, states, and places
sounds; gestures; dances
can other species communicate with us through language? Washoe the chimpanzee learned to use .. to express what she wanted or noticed. fellow chimpanzees learned signs from each other without … and without …
245 signs; training; rewards
linguistic determinism: the idea that our specific language
for example, Benjamin whorf proposed that because the hopi do not have past tense forms for verbs, it is hard for them to think about the past
determines how we think
language influencecs thought –> gender neutral vs. male-based usage
even if “he” and “mankind” are meant at times to be gender-includisv,e people do create a … in their mind when they hear these terms
male image
people who are bilingual have numerous … and ..
brain connections; neural networks
bilingual people also have a hidden talent, the ability to … one language while leanring another this ability tends to go along with other forms of executive control, such as resisting distraction and inhibiting impulses
suppress
