Mod 12 Flashcards
forces guiding the course of development:
…, …, …
our environment gives us our experiences
parents; peers; culture
rats living in an “enriched” environment (more social interaction and physical play) experienced a greater growth in … and … than those rats living in an “impoverished” environment
brain size; complexity
to make our well-used brain pathways work better, the unused connections are … this means that if certain abilities are not used, they will …
“pruned” away; fade
generally, environmental influences, including parenting, account for about … percent of temperament, although a much higher percentage for other features such as …
where this percentage increases: “extreme” parenting, including severe … and …
10; values; neglect; abuse
non-abusive “average’ parents should ease off on both the … and the … they assume for how their kids turn out
blame; credit
the degree of peer influence is hard to trace. apparent conformity (the whole group smokes) could be a … (they get together because they want to be with others who like to smoke)
selection effect
interaction with peers can teach new
social skills
parents may try to have indirect influence by selecting a child’s peers, such as by selecting a school or neighborhood. however, ultimately, most children … their peers
self-select
parents have more influence on: ... and … ... ... … … … style of interaction with …
education; career path; cooperation; self-discipline; responsibility; charitableness; religion; authority figures
peers have more influence on: learning … skills learning the path to … choice of … and other recreation choice of … and other … choices … and …
cooperation; popularity; music; clothing; cultural; good and bad habits
culture refers to the patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and …
passed on to future generations
culture is not just an influence on our nature, but it is also part of … humans form not only …, but …
our nature; relationships; culture
each culture has …–standards for acceptable, expected behavior
culture shock: feeling lost about what behaviors are …
norms; appropriate
cultural variation can occur even within one culture:
language changes in .. and …
the pace of life …
.… increases
people sleep …, … less, stare at … more
people marry more for …, but then expect more …
thee cultural changes occur too fast to be rooted in … change
vocabulary; pronunciation; quickens; gender equality; less; socialize in person; screens; love; romance; genetic
individualist cultures value … they promote personal ideals, strengths, and goals, pursued in … with others, leading to … and finding a unique …
independence; competition; individual achievement; identity
collectivist cultures value … they promote group and societal goals and duties, and blending in with …, with achievement attributed to …
interdependence; group identity; mutual support
individualism:
independent (identity from individual traits)
discover and express one’s …
me–personal achievement and fulfillment; rights and liberties; self-esteem
change reality
defined by … (self-based)
many, often temporary or casual; confrontation …
behavior reflects one’s … and …
uniqueness; individuals; acceptable; personality; attitudes
collectivism: interdependent (identity from belonging) maintain …, fit in, perform role Us--group goals and solidarity; social responsibilities and relationships; family duty accommodate to reality defined by … (duty-based) few, close and enduring; harmony valued behavior reflects … and …
connections ;social networks; social norms; roles
although there are cultural differences, the differences within any group are usually … than the differences between groups
greater
there is a difference in average blood pressure between … this may seem like a genetic difference but may actually be a cultural difference. different cultures may have …, which in turn affect blood pressure
racial groups; dietary differences
people in individualist cultures might raise children to be … and … People in collectivist cultures might raise children to be …, …, and integrated into webs of …
people in Asian and African cultures might raise children to be more … and … close to others than in western European cultures
self-reliant; independent; compliant; obedient; mutual support; emotionally; physically
gender refers to the …, …, and … characteristics that are culturally associated with male and female roles and identity. some of these traits may be … differences; other role differences may be nurtured by …
physical; social; behavioral; genetic; culture
in this example related to self-esteem, the difference … groups is small compared to differences … each gender
between; within
(differences between genders) biological: women enter puberty …, live …, and have more … and less ..
earlier; longer; fat; muscle
(differences between genders) mental and behavioral health: women are more likely to have …, …, or … disorders
men are more likely to have …, …, and … disorder
depression; anxiety; eating; autism; ADHD; antisocial personality
(differences between genders) gender and aggression: men behave more … than women, and are more likely to behave in way that harm others. this difference applies to … aggression rather than .. or … aggression
aggressively; physical; verbal; relational
in a variety of cultures, men have attributes and reputations that help them attain … (positions controlling more people and resources) than women do
social power
men tend to interact in more … ways than women. men often speak … rather than … and inviting … as women do
dominating; opinions; offering support; input
when boys play, the focus tends to be on the …
when women play, the focus tends to be on … and …
activity; connection; conversation
male play is more …
female play is more …
competitive; social
men tend to dictate how the playtime will proceed while girls tend to invite
feedback
women communicate … than men: more time with friends, more text messages, longer phone calls
men
men and women use communication differently. men state their … and … men speak about … and … women seek … and explore .. women speak about … and …
opinions; solutions; things; actions; input; relationships; people; feelings
both men and women turn to … when they want someone to talk to, seeking the “tend and befriend” response or better …
women; listening
in general, women change … more often
roommates
women tend to have stronger ties to … and … women are often more involved with …
friends; family; religion
what biologically makes us male/female?
it begins with whether our 23rd pair of chromosomes is xx (…) or xy (…)
… develop, and at seven weeks, they produce a flood testosterone
hormones then guide the development of …
female; male; testes; external sex organs
during the fourth and fifth month of pregnancy, … bathe the fetal brain
in adulthood, women have thicker areas in a part of the frontal lobes that help with …
there are also differences in the …, …, and ratio of cell bodies to axons
sex hormones; verbal fluency; amygdala; hippocampus
in cases in which prenatal testosterone levels were high in females, there is an increase in “…” behavior, possibly caused by other people’s response to more masculine features. however, there is not a general pattern of gender identity change. in cases where males had underformed or absent genitalia, attempts to raise them as females generally did not work out well
tomboyish
transgendered people have a sense of … that is different from their birth sex. transsexual people act on this sense of difference by living as a member of the …, often with … and … interventions that support this gender reassignment
sexual identity; opposite sex; hormonal; surgical
gender role: the behaviors expected of people related to their … as men and women
identity
gender identity: one’s … of whether one is male and female, including a sense of what it means to be that gender
sense
f current trends continue, women will soon be the majority of practitioners in some fields that were once dominated by .. in the US
men
social learning theory: we learn gender role and behavior by …, and by … and … that shape our behavior
imitation; rewards; punishment
gender schemas; the … frameworks for developing concepts of male and female; these frameworks guide our observations
cognitive
gender typing: the … which drives some children to fit into traditional gender roles
instinct
influences on who you’ve become
biological influences: shared human …, individual … variations, … environment, …-related genes, …, and …
genome; genetic; prenatal; sex; hormones; physiology
influences on who you’ve become
psychological influences: … interaction, neurological effect of early …, responses evoked by our own …, …, etc.
…, …, and …
gene-environment; experiences; temperament; gender; beliefs; feelings; expectations
influences on who you’ve become
social-cultural influences:
… and … influences, cultural … or …, cultural … norms
parental; peers; individualism; collectivism; gender
