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psych > Mod 4 > Flashcards

Mod 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

building blocks of mind: … and how they .. (…)

A

neurons; communicate; neurotransmitters

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2
Q

systems that build the mind: functions of parts of the …

supporting player: the slower-communicating … system (…)

A

nervous system; endocrine system; hormones

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3
Q

phrenology (developed by … in the early 1800s): the study of … on the skull and their relationship to … and …

A

Franz Gall; bumps; mental abilities; character traits

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4
Q

phrenology yielded one big idea: that the brain might have different … that do … (… of …)

A

areas; different things; localization; function

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5
Q

today’s search for the biology of the self:

A

biological psychology

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6
Q

biological psychology includes …, …, …, and … psychology

A

neuroscience; behavior genetics; neuropsychology; evolutionary

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7
Q

all of the subspecialities of biological psychology explore different aspects of: how the nature of mind and behavior is rooted in our …

A

biological heritage.

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8
Q

our study of the biology of the mind begins with the ‘atoms’ of the mind:

A

neurons

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9
Q

neuron structure:
cell body- the cell’s … center
dendrites- receive … from other cells
axon- passes … away from the … to other …, …, …
terminal branches of axon- form … with other cells
myelin sheath- covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed …

A

life-support; messages; messages; cell body; neurons; muscles; glands; junctions; neural impulses

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10
Q

neural impulse (…): … signal traveling down the ..

A

action potential; electrical signal; axon

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11
Q

action potential: a neural … that travels down an axon like a …
just as “the wave” can flow to the right in a stadium even though the people only move up and down, a wave moves down an axon although it is only made up of … moving … and …

A

impulse; wave; ion exchanges; in; out

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12
Q

direction of neural impulse: toward

A

axon terminals

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13
Q

when does the cell send the action potential? when it reaches a

A

threshold

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14
Q

the neuron receives … from other neurons; some are telling it to fire and some are telling it not to fire.
when the … is reached, the action potential starts moving. like a gun, it either fires or it doesn’t; more stimulation does … This is known as the “…” response.

A

signals; threshold; nothing; all-or-none

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15
Q

the action potential travels down the axon from the … to the … The signal is transmitted to another cell. However, the message must find a way to cross a gap between cells. this gap is also called the …

A

cell body; terminal branches; synapse

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16
Q

the synapse is a junction between the … of the sending neuron and the … or … of the receiving neuron. The synapse is also known as the … or …

A

axon tip; dendrite; cell body; synaptic junction; synaptic gap

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17
Q

…. are chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap

A

neurotransmitters

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18
Q

reuptake: …

A

recycling neurotransmitters

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19
Q

reuptake: after the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron, the chemicals are … into the sending neuron to be ..

A

taken back up; used again

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20
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) serotonin: affects …, …, …, and …
undersupply of serotonin linked to …; some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

A

mood; hunger; sleep; arousal; depression

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21
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) dopamine: influences .., …, …, and …
oversupply linked to …; undersupply linked to … and decreased … in … disease and …

A

movement; learning; attention; emotion; schizophrenia; tremors; mobility; parkinson’s; adhd

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22
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) acetylcholine (ACh): enables … action, …, and …
ACh-producing neurons deteriorate as … disease progresses

A

muscle action; learning; memory; Alzheimer’s

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23
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) norepinephrine: helps control … and …
undersupply can depress … and cause …-like … problems

A

alertness; arousal; mood; ADHD; attention

24
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): a major … neurotransmitter
undersupply linked to …, …, and …

A

inhibitory; seizures; tremors; insomnia

25
Q

(roles of different neurotransmitters) glutamate: a major … neurotransmitter; involved in …
oversupply can overstimulate the …, producing … or …; this is why people avoid MSG (monosodium glutamate) in food

A

excitatory; memory; brain; migraines; seizures

26
Q

serotonin pathways: networks of neurons that communicate with … help regulate …

A

serotonin; mood

27
Q

dopamine pathways: networks of neurons that communicate with dopamine are involved in focusing … and controlling …

A

attention; movement

28
Q

neurotransmitters have a molecular structure that precisely fits the … site on a specific …

A

receptor; receiving neuron

29
Q

an agonist molecule fills the receptor site and …, acting like the neurotransmitter. they … neurotransmitters

A

activates it; mimic

30
Q

antagonist molecules fill the lock so that the neurotransmitter cannot get in and …

A

activate the receptor site

31
Q

The central nervous system consists of the … and … and makes … for the body

A

brain; spinal cord; decisions

32
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of the rest of the nervous system. it gathers and sends information … and … the rest of the body

A

to; from

33
Q

sensory neurons carry messages … from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the … for …

A

in; CNS (central nervous system); processing

34
Q

motor neurons carry instructions … from the … to the …

A

out; CNS; body’s tissues

35
Q

interneurons (in the brain and spinal cord) process information …

A

between the sensory input and motor output

36
Q

the nerves are not the same as

A

neurons

37
Q

nerves consist of neural … containing many …

nerves are part of the … and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the …

A

cables; axons; peripheral nervous system; central nervous system

38
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of:
… (controls .. action of internal organs and glands)
… (controls … movements of skeletal muscles)

A

autonomic; self-regulated; somatic; voluntary

39
Q

autonomic nervous system consists of … (…) and … (…)

A

sympathetic; arousing; parasympathetic; calming

40
Q

sympathetic: …
parasympathetic: … and …

A

fight or flight; rest; digest

41
Q

the brain is a web of …

the spinal cord is full of … that sometimes have a mind of their own

A

neural networks; interneurons

42
Q

these complex webs of interconnected neurons form with …

“neurons that fire together, … together”

A

experience; wire

43
Q

interneurons allow for … actions

A

reflex

44
Q

the endocrine system refers to a set of … that produce … called …

A

glands; chemical messengers; hormones

45
Q

hypothalamus: brain region controlling the …

A

pituitary gland

46
Q

pituitary gland: secretes many different …, some of which affect other glands

A

hormones

47
Q

parathyroids: help regulate the level of … in the blood

A

calcium

48
Q

pancreas: regulates the level of … in the blood

A

sugar

49
Q

ovary: secretes female

A

sex hormones

50
Q

testis: secretes male

A

sex hormones

51
Q

adrenal glands: inner part helps trigger the …

A

fight-or-flight response

52
Q

thyroid gland: affects … among other things

A

metabolism

53
Q

the endocrine system sends molecules as …, just like the nervous system, but it sends them through the … instead of across …
these molecules are called … and are produced in various glands around the body. the messages go to the … and other …

A

messages; bloodstream; synapses; hormones; brain; tissues

54
Q

adrenal glands produce hormones such as …/… …/… and ..

A

adrenaline; epinephrine; noradrenaline; norephinephrine; cortisol

55
Q

the pituitary gland is the … of the endocrine system. it is controlled through the nervous system by the nearby brain area–the .. the pituitary gland produces … that … other gland such as the thyroid. it also produces … (especially during …) and …, the “…” hormone

A

master gland; hormones; regulate; growth hormone; sleep; oxytocin; bonding

psych (28 decks)

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