Mod 24

Question 1

how we hold stories in storage, explicit memory system occurs in … and the …

Answer 1

frontal lobes; hippocampus

Question 2

how we retain responses and procedures, the implicit memory system: … and …

Answer 2

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 3

how synapses change to help store memories:

Answer 3

long-term potentiation

Question 4

the brain is not like a hard drive. memories are not in isolated files, but are in

Answer 4

overlapping neural netowrks

Question 5

the brain’s long-term memory storage does not get full; it gets more elaborately … and …

Answer 5

rewired; interconnected

Question 6

parts of each memory can be … throughout the brain

Answer 6

distributed

Question 7

karl Lashley showed that rats who had learned a maze retained …,e ven when various small parts of their brain were …

Answer 7

parts of that memory; removed

Question 8

there are different storage and retrieval/activation systems in the brain for ../… memory and for …/… memory

Answer 8

explicit; declarative; implicit; procedural

Question 9

when emotions become involved, yet another part of the brain can … some memoriese for quicker retrieval

Answer 9

mark/flag

Question 10

the storage occurs by changing … to each other in order to make some well-used neural networks of neurons easier to activate together

Answer 10

how neurons link

Question 11

explicit/declarative memories include …, …, and … such as the first time riding a bike, or facts about types of bicycles

Answer 11

facts; stories; meanings of words;

Question 12

retrieval and use of explicit memories, which is in part a working memory or executive function, is directed by the

Answer 12

frontal lobes

Question 13

encoding and storage of explicit memories is facilitated by the … events and facts are held there for a couple of days before …, moving to other parts of the brain for long-term storage. much of this consolidation occurs during …

Answer 13

hippocampus; consolidating; sleep

Question 14

implicit memories include .., …, and …

Answer 14

skills; procedures; conditioned associations

Question 15

the cerebellum (“little brain”) forms and stores our … we can store a phobic response even if we can’t recall how we acquired the fear

Answer 15

conditioned responses

Question 16

the basal ganglia, next to the thalamus, controls …, and forms and stores … and … skills. we can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can’t recall having the lesson

Answer 16

movement; procedural memory; motor

Question 17

infantile amnesia: … memory from infancy can be retained, including … and … responses. however … memories, our recall for episodes, only goes back to about age … for most people

Answer 17

implicit; skills; conditioned; explicit; 3

Question 18

explanation for infantile amnesia:
encoding: the memories were not stored … because the … is one of the last brain areas to develop
forgetting/retrieval: the adult mind thinks more in a … verbal narrative and has trouble accessing … memories as declarative memories

Answer 18

well; hippocampus; linear; preverbal

Question 19

strong emotions, especially …, can strengthen memory formation

Answer 19

stress

Question 20

… refer to emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memory

Answer 20

flashbulb memories

Question 21

note that flashbulb memories are not as … as they feel

Answer 21

accurate

Question 22

vividly storing information about … may have helped our ancestors survive

Answer 22

dangers

Question 23

how does intense emotion cause the brain to form intense memories?

1. emotions can trigger a rise in …
2. these hormones trigger activity int he …, located next to the memory-forming …
3. this region of the brain increases … and engages the … and … to “tag” the memories as important

Answer 23

stress hormones; amygdala; hippocampus; memory-forming activity; frontal lobes; basal ganglia

Question 24

as a result, the memories are stored with more sensory and emotional details. these details can trigger a …, unintended … of the memory. traumatized people can have … that is so vivid that it feels like re-experiencing the event

Answer 24

rapid; recall; intrusive recall

Question 25

when people form memories, their neurons release … to other neurons across the …, the junctions between neurons

Answer 25

neurotransmitters; synapses

Question 26

with repetition, the synapses undergo …; signals are sent across the synapse more …
synaptic changes include a reduction in the … needed to send a signal, and an increase in the number of …

Answer 26

long-term potentiation; efficiently; prompting; neurotransmitter receptor sites

Question 27

chemicals and shocks that prevent long-term potentiation can prevent … and even …

Answer 27

learning; erase recent learning

Question 28

preventing long-term potentiaton (LTP) keeps new memories from … for example, mice forget how to run a maze. drugs that boost LTP help mice learn a maze more quickly and with …

Answer 28

consolidating into long-term memories; fewer mistakes