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psych > Mod 19 > Flashcards

Mod 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

frequency corresponds to our perception of … –> … of the sound wave; perceived as high and low sounds (pitch)

A

pitch; length

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2
Q

amplitude corresponds to our perception of … –> … or … of sound wave; perceived as loud and soft (volume)

A

loudness; height; intensity

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3
Q

complexity corresponds to our perception of … perceived as … or ..

A

timbre; sound quality; resonance

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4
Q

the outer ear collects … and funnels it to the …

A

sound; eardrum

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5
Q

in the middle ear, the sound waves … and move the …, …, and … in ways that … the vibrations. the stirrup then sends these vibrations to the … of the …

A

hit the eardrum; hammer; anvil; stirrup; amplify; oval window; cochlea

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6
Q

conduction hearing loss: when the … isn’t conducting soudn well to the ..

A

middle ear; cochlea

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7
Q

sensorineural hearing loss: when the receptor cells aren’t … through the …

A

sending messages; auditory nerves

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8
Q

exposure to sounds that are too loud to talk over can cause damage to the …, especially the …

A

inner ear; hair cells

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9
Q

structures of the middle and inner ear can also be damaged by …

A

disease

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10
Q

prevention methods for hearing loss include limiting exposure to noises over …decibels and treating …

A

85; ear infections

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11
Q

people with conduction hearing loss may be helped by … these aids … sounds striking the eardrum, ideally amplifying only … or …

A

hearing aids; amplify; softer sounds; higher frequencies

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12
Q

people with sensorineural hearing loss can benefit from a … the implant does the work of the .. in translating … into … to be sent to the brain

A

cochlear benefit; hair cells; sound waves; electrical signals

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13
Q

loudness refers to more … sound vibrations. this causes a greater … of hair cells to send signals to the brain

A

intense; number

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14
Q

soft sounds only activate …; louder sounds move those hair cells AND their …

A

certain hair cells; neighbors

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15
Q

sounds usually reach one of our ears …, and with more …, than they reach the other ear. The brain uses this difference to generate a perception of the … the sound was coming from

A

sooner; clarity; direction

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16
Q

we have senses of: … and …, four different components of the sense of …, ../… awareness

A

smell; touch; touch; body/kinesthetic

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17
Q

touch is valuable for expressing and sensing …, for sharing …, …, and … for detecting the … in multiple ways, such as pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

A

feelings; affection; comfort; support; environment

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18
Q

stroking adjacent pressure spots creates a …

A

tickle

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19
Q

adjacet cold and pressure sensations feel ..

A

wet

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20
Q

adjacent warm and cold feels …

A

searing hot

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21
Q

pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. pain often warns of …, or even just to shift positions in a chair to keep …

A

severe injury; blood flowing

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22
Q

not being able to feel pain means not being able to tell when we are …, …, or causing .. to our bodies

A

injured; sick; damage

23
Q

nociceptors are sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as ….

A

pain

24
Q

the … refers to signals that travel to the spinal cord, up through small nerve fibers, which then conduct pain signals to the brain

A

pain circuit

25
Q

gate-control theory: this theory hypothesizes that the spinal cord contains a … that … pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. stimulating certain nerve fibers in the spinal cord through acupuncture, massage, or electrical stimulation seems to … that gate

A

neurological ‘gate’; blocks; close

26
Q

endorphins: these hormones can be released by the body to

A

reduce pain perception

27
Q

phantom limb sensation: as the brain produces false sounds (tinnitus, ear ringing) and sights (aura, lights with migraines), it can produce .. or other .. of amputated/missing arms or legs

A

pain; perception

28
Q

distraction, such as during intense athletic competition, can limit the …

A

experience of pain

29
Q

memories of pain focus on … moments more than …

A

peak; duration

30
Q

tapered pain is recalled as … than … pain

A

less painful; abruptly-ended

31
Q

social contagion: we feel more pain if other people are … this occurs either out of empathy/mirroring, or a shared belief that an experience is painful

A

experiencing pain

32
Q

cultural influences: we may not pay attention as much to pain if we see a high level of pain endurance as the .. for our …, …, or …

A

norm; family; peer group; culture

33
Q

pain can be reduced through …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and …

A

drugs; acupuncture; electrical stimulation; exercise; hypnosis; surgery; relaxation training; distraction

34
Q

even the … has real influence on pain perception. when we think we are taking pain killers or receiving acupuncture, our bodies can …

A

placebo effect; release endorphins

35
Q

distraction with … has helped burn victims manage intense pain

A

virtual reality immersion

36
Q

bioligcal influences on pain perception:
activity in spinal cord’s .. and …
… differences in endorphin production
the brain’s interpretation of … activity

A

large; small fibers; genetic; CNS

37
Q

psychological influences on pain perception: attention to …

  • learning based on …
  • …
A

pain; experience; expectations

38
Q

social-cultural influences on pain perception:

  • … of others
  • … for other’s pain
  • … expectations
A

presence; empathy; cultural

39
Q

our tongues have receptors for … different types of tastes, each of which may have had survival functions

A

five

40
Q

(tastes) sweet- … source

A

energy

41
Q

(tastes) sour- potentially …

A

toxic acid

42
Q

(tastes) umami- …, proteins to … and … tissue

A

savoriness; grow; repair

43
Q

(tastes) bitter: potential …

A

poisons

44
Q

(tastes) salty: … essential to physiological processes

A

sodium

45
Q

sensory interaction occurs when different senses …

A

influence each other

46
Q

synaesthesia is a condition when perception in one sense is … by a sensation in a … sense

A

triggered; different

47
Q

embodied cognition refers to the effect of body experience on …, …, …, and …

A

feelings; attitudes; thoughts; judgments

48
Q

humans have a poor … for an animal. even so, humans have … different types of smell receptors allowing us to detect about .. different odors

A

sense of smell; 350; 10,000

49
Q

sensations of smell take a … to the brain, skipping the trip through the “sensory switchboard” (..) made by all the other senses

A

shortcut; thalamus

50
Q

information from the nose goes not only to the … but also to the … system, influencing … and …

A

temporal lobe; limbic; memory; emotion

51
Q

smell links …, … and .., and other creatures to each other through chemistry

A

lovers; parent; child

52
Q

kinesthesis (‘movement feeling’) refers to sensing the … and … of individual body parts … to each other

A

movement; position; relative

53
Q

kinesthesis works bc sensors in the joints and muscles send signals that … with signals from the skin, eyes, and ears

A

coordinate

54
Q

without kinesthesis, we would need to watch our limbs constantly to

A

coordinate movement

psych (28 decks)

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