Mod 19 Flashcards
frequency corresponds to our perception of … –> … of the sound wave; perceived as high and low sounds (pitch)
pitch; length
amplitude corresponds to our perception of … –> … or … of sound wave; perceived as loud and soft (volume)
loudness; height; intensity
complexity corresponds to our perception of … perceived as … or ..
timbre; sound quality; resonance
the outer ear collects … and funnels it to the …
sound; eardrum
in the middle ear, the sound waves … and move the …, …, and … in ways that … the vibrations. the stirrup then sends these vibrations to the … of the …
hit the eardrum; hammer; anvil; stirrup; amplify; oval window; cochlea
conduction hearing loss: when the … isn’t conducting soudn well to the ..
middle ear; cochlea
sensorineural hearing loss: when the receptor cells aren’t … through the …
sending messages; auditory nerves
exposure to sounds that are too loud to talk over can cause damage to the …, especially the …
inner ear; hair cells
structures of the middle and inner ear can also be damaged by …
disease
prevention methods for hearing loss include limiting exposure to noises over …decibels and treating …
85; ear infections
people with conduction hearing loss may be helped by … these aids … sounds striking the eardrum, ideally amplifying only … or …
hearing aids; amplify; softer sounds; higher frequencies
people with sensorineural hearing loss can benefit from a … the implant does the work of the .. in translating … into … to be sent to the brain
cochlear benefit; hair cells; sound waves; electrical signals
loudness refers to more … sound vibrations. this causes a greater … of hair cells to send signals to the brain
intense; number
soft sounds only activate …; louder sounds move those hair cells AND their …
certain hair cells; neighbors
sounds usually reach one of our ears …, and with more …, than they reach the other ear. The brain uses this difference to generate a perception of the … the sound was coming from
sooner; clarity; direction
we have senses of: … and …, four different components of the sense of …, ../… awareness
smell; touch; touch; body/kinesthetic
touch is valuable for expressing and sensing …, for sharing …, …, and … for detecting the … in multiple ways, such as pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
feelings; affection; comfort; support; environment
stroking adjacent pressure spots creates a …
tickle
adjacet cold and pressure sensations feel ..
wet
adjacent warm and cold feels …
searing hot
pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. pain often warns of …, or even just to shift positions in a chair to keep …
severe injury; blood flowing
not being able to feel pain means not being able to tell when we are …, …, or causing .. to our bodies
injured; sick; damage
nociceptors are sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as ….
pain
the … refers to signals that travel to the spinal cord, up through small nerve fibers, which then conduct pain signals to the brain
pain circuit
gate-control theory: this theory hypothesizes that the spinal cord contains a … that … pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. stimulating certain nerve fibers in the spinal cord through acupuncture, massage, or electrical stimulation seems to … that gate
neurological ‘gate’; blocks; close
endorphins: these hormones can be released by the body to
reduce pain perception
phantom limb sensation: as the brain produces false sounds (tinnitus, ear ringing) and sights (aura, lights with migraines), it can produce .. or other .. of amputated/missing arms or legs
pain; perception
distraction, such as during intense athletic competition, can limit the …
experience of pain
memories of pain focus on … moments more than …
peak; duration
tapered pain is recalled as … than … pain
less painful; abruptly-ended
social contagion: we feel more pain if other people are … this occurs either out of empathy/mirroring, or a shared belief that an experience is painful
experiencing pain
cultural influences: we may not pay attention as much to pain if we see a high level of pain endurance as the .. for our …, …, or …
norm; family; peer group; culture
pain can be reduced through …, …, …, …, …, …, …, and …
drugs; acupuncture; electrical stimulation; exercise; hypnosis; surgery; relaxation training; distraction
even the … has real influence on pain perception. when we think we are taking pain killers or receiving acupuncture, our bodies can …
placebo effect; release endorphins
distraction with … has helped burn victims manage intense pain
virtual reality immersion
bioligcal influences on pain perception:
activity in spinal cord’s .. and …
… differences in endorphin production
the brain’s interpretation of … activity
large; small fibers; genetic; CNS
psychological influences on pain perception: attention to …
- learning based on …
- …
pain; experience; expectations
social-cultural influences on pain perception:
- … of others
- … for other’s pain
- … expectations
presence; empathy; cultural
our tongues have receptors for … different types of tastes, each of which may have had survival functions
five
(tastes) sweet- … source
energy
(tastes) sour- potentially …
toxic acid
(tastes) umami- …, proteins to … and … tissue
savoriness; grow; repair
(tastes) bitter: potential …
poisons
(tastes) salty: … essential to physiological processes
sodium
sensory interaction occurs when different senses …
influence each other
synaesthesia is a condition when perception in one sense is … by a sensation in a … sense
triggered; different
embodied cognition refers to the effect of body experience on …, …, …, and …
feelings; attitudes; thoughts; judgments
humans have a poor … for an animal. even so, humans have … different types of smell receptors allowing us to detect about .. different odors
sense of smell; 350; 10,000
sensations of smell take a … to the brain, skipping the trip through the “sensory switchboard” (..) made by all the other senses
shortcut; thalamus
information from the nose goes not only to the … but also to the … system, influencing … and …
temporal lobe; limbic; memory; emotion
smell links …, … and .., and other creatures to each other through chemistry
lovers; parent; child
kinesthesis (‘movement feeling’) refers to sensing the … and … of individual body parts … to each other
movement; position; relative
kinesthesis works bc sensors in the joints and muscles send signals that … with signals from the skin, eyes, and ears
coordinate
without kinesthesis, we would need to watch our limbs constantly to
coordinate movement
