Mod 3

Question 1

the scientific method is the process of testing our ideas about the world by:
setting up situations that ..
making careful, organized …
analyzing whether the data fit with …
if the data doesn’t fit our ideas, then we … and .. again

Answer 1

test our ideas; observations; our ideas; modify our ideas; test

Question 2

some research findings revealed by the scientific method: ‘
the brain can recover from massive early childhood …
sleepwalkers are not acting out …
our brains do not have accurate … locked inside like video files.
there is no “.. and … 90 percent” of our brain
people often change their … to fit their …

Answer 2

brain damage; dreams; memories; hidden; unused; opinions; actions

Question 3

scientific method: tools and goals
the basics:
…, …, … definitions, …

Answer 3

theory; hypothesis; operational; replication

Question 4

scientific method research goals/types:

…, …, …, …, …

Answer 4

description; correlation; prediction; causation; experiments

Question 5

a theory in the language of science is a set of …, built on … and other verifiable facts, that explains some phenomenon and predicts its …

Answer 5

principles; observations; future behavior

Question 6

a hypothesis is a testable … consistent with our …

Answer 6

prediction; theory

Question 7

“testable” means that the hypothesis is stated in a way that we could make … to find out if it is true

Answer 7

observations

Question 8

danger when testing hypothesis: 
theories can ... our observations 
we might select only the data, or the interpretations of the data, that support what we ... there are safeguards against this: 
- hypotheses designed to ... 
- ... definitions

Answer 8

bias; already believe; disconfirm; operational

Question 9

the next/final step in the scientific method: … research means trying it again using the same .. of the … and …

Answer 9

replicating; operational definitions; concepts; procedures

Question 10

descriptive research is a …, … observation of people. the goal is to provide a clear, accurate picture of people’s …, …, and …

Answer 10

systematic; objective; behaviors; thoughts; attributes

Question 11

strategies for descriptive research:
…: observing and gathering information to compile an in-depth study of …
… observation: gathering data about …; watching but not …
… and …: having other people report on their own … and ..

Answer 11

case study; one individual; naturalistic; behavior; intervening; surveys; interviews; attitudes; behavior

Question 12

case study:
benefit- can be a source of ideas about …
danger- … from one example

Answer 12

human nature in general; overgeneralization

Question 13

naturalistic observation:
observing natural behavior means … (and …) and not trying to change anything. this method can be used to study more than one individual, and to find truths that apply to a …

Answer 13

just watching; taking notes; broader population

Question 14

the survey: a method of gathering information about many people’s … or … through … rather than …
keys to getting useful information: be careful about the … of questions
only question … people

Answer 14

thoughts; behaviors; self-report; observation; wording; randomly sampled

Question 15

surveying:

wording effects-the results you get from a survey can be changed by your

Answer 15

word selection

Question 16

why take a sample?
sampling saves …
random sampling is a technique for making sure that every individual in a population has an … of being in your sample–> random means that your selection of participants is driven only by …, not by any …

Answer 16

time; equal chance; chance; characteristic

Question 17

a possible result of many descriptive studies: discovering a …

Answer 17

correlation

Question 18

correlation
general def: an observation that two traits or observations are … to each other
scientific def: a measure of how closely two factors …, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a … in the other

Answer 18

related; vary together; change

Question 19

the correlation coefficient is a number representing the … and … of correlation

Answer 19

strength; direction

Question 20

the strength of the relationship refers to how close the dots are to …, which means one variable changes … as the other one does; this number varies from … to …

Answer 20

a straight line; exactly; 0,00; +/- 1.00

Question 21

the direction of the correlation can be … (both variables … together) or … (as one goes up, the other goes …)

Answer 21

positive; increase; negative; down

Question 22

correlation is not …

Answer 22

causation

Question 23

so how do we find out about causation? by …

Answer 23

experimentation

Question 24

experimentation: manipulating one … (…) in a situation to determine its … (…)

Answer 24

factor; independent; effect; dependent

Question 25

an experiment is a type of research in which the research carefully manipulates a limited number of … (..) and measures the impact on … (..)

Answer 25

factors; IVs; other factors; DVs

Question 26

in psychology, you would be looking at the effect of the experimental change (IV) on a … or … (DV)

Answer 26

experimental change; behavior; mental process

Question 27

random sampling is how you get a … of … that represents the population you’re trying to learn about
random assignment of participants to … or … groups is how you control all… except the one you’re manipulating.
first you …, then you … (…)

Answer 27

pool; research participants; control; experimental; variables; sample; sort; assign

Question 28

placebo effect: experimental effects that are caused by … about the …

Answer 28

expectations; intervention

Question 29

working with the placebo effect:
control groups may be given a … - an inactive substance or other fake treatment in place of the experimental treatment
the control group is ideally .. to whether they are getting real or fake treatment

Answer 29

placebo; blind

Question 30

many studies are double-blind: neither … nor … knows which participants are in the experimental or control groups (prevents …)

Answer 30

participants; research staff; placebo effect

Question 31

if we manipulate a variable in an experimental group of people, and then we see an effect, how do we know the change wouldn’t have happened anyway? we solve this problem by comparing this group to a … group, a group that is the same in every way except the one … we are changing

Answer 31

control; variable

Question 32

how do we make sure the control group is really identical in every way to the experimental group?
by using …: randomly selecting some study participants to be assigned to the control group or experimental group

Answer 32

random assignment

Question 33

the variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing is called the …
the variable we expect to experience a change which depends on the manipulation we’re doing is called the …
the other variables that might have an effect on the dependent variable are …

Answer 33

independent variable; dependent variable; confounding variables

Question 34

ruling out confounding variables: experiment with

Answer 34

random assignment

Question 35

descriptive research:
basic purpose- to observe and record …
conducted through …, …, or … observations
what is manipulated- …
weaknesses- no control of …; single cases may be …

Answer 35

behavior; case studies; surveys; naturalistic; nothing; variables; misleading

Question 36

correlational research:
basic purpose- to detect naturally occurring …; to assess how well one variable … another
conducted through computing .. asocation, sometimes among .. responses
what is manipulated- …
weaknesses- does not specify …; one variable … another but this does not mean one … the other

Answer 36

relationships; predicts; statistical; survey; nothing; cause-effect; predicts; causes

Question 37

experimental research:
basic purpose- to explore …
conducted by manipulating … or more ..; randomly assign some to …
what is manipulated- the …
weaknesses- sometimes not possible for … or … reasons; results may not … to other contexts

Answer 37

cause-effect; one; factors; control group; independent variable(s); practical; ethical; generalize

Question 38

from data to insight: statistics

we can use statistics, which are tools for …, …, …,a nd … data

Answer 38

organizing; presenting; analyzing; interpreting

Question 39

the need for statistical reasoning: a first glance at our observations might give a … picture
value of statistics:
1. to present a more … picture of our data than we would see otherwise
2. to help us reach … from our data; statistics are a crucial … tool

Answer 39

misleading; accurate; valid conclusions; critical thinking;

Question 40

measures of central tendency:

…, …, and …

Answer 40

mode; mean; median

Question 41

mode: the most … level/number/score
mean (…): the … of the scores, divided by the … of scores
median (… person’s score, or …): the number/level that .. of people scored above and … of them below

Answer 41

common; arithmetic average; sum; number; middle; 50th percentile; half; half