Mod 20 Flashcards
we learn from experience:
when we learn to .. events we already like or don’t like by noticing other .. or … that happen first
when our actions have …
when we watch what …
predict; events; sensations; consequences; other people do
we learn by association:
when two stimuli (events or sensations) tend to occur … or in …
when actions become associated with … or … results
when two pieces of information are …
together; sequence; pleasant; aversive; linked
classical conditioning: learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an even to which we
have ar eaction
operant conditioning: changing … choices in response to …
behavior; consequences
cognitive learning: acquiring new behaviors and information through … and …, rather than by …
observation; information; direct experience
associative learning: classical conditioning–> after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we …
result: our natural response to one stimulus now can be … by the new, predictive stimulus
assocciate those stimuli with each other; triggered
cognitive learning refers to acquiring new behaviors and information …, rather than by …
mentally; direct experience
cognitive learning occurs by … events and the behavior of others and by using .. to acquire information about events experienced by others
observing; language
the term behaviorism was used by John B. Watson, a proponent of …, as well as by B.F. Skinner, a leader in research about …
classical conditoning; operant conditioning
both watson and skinner believed the mental life was much less important than … as a foundation for …
behavior; psychological science
both watson and skinner foresaw applications in controlling human behavior:
skinner conceived of … communities
watson went into …
utopian; advertising
while studying salivation in dogs, Ivan Pavlov found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should have been … such as:
just seeing food, seeing the dish, seeing person who brought food and hearing that person’s footsteps
neutral stimuli
neutral stimulus: a stimulus which does not
trigger a response
unconditioned stimulus and response; a stimulus which triggers a response .., before/without any …
naturally; conditioning
the UR and the CR are the same .., triggered by different …–> the difference is whether … was necessary for the response to happen
response; events; conditioning
the NS and the CS are the same …–> the difference is whether the stimulus triggers the …
stimulus; conditioned response
higher-order conditioning: turning an … into a … by associating it with another …
NS; CS; CS
acquisition refers to the initial stage of ../…
learning; conditioning
what gets acquired? the association between a … and …
NS; unconditioned stimulus
how can we tell that acquisition has occurred?the UR now gets … by a …
triggered; CS
timing: for the association to be acquired, the neutral stimulus needs to repeatedly appear … the unconditioned stimulus…about a .. before, in most cases
before; half-second
the strength of a CR grows with …
conditioning
extinction refers to the diminishing of a … response. If the US stops appearing with the CS, the … decreases
conditioned; CR
After a CR has been conditioned and then extinguished: following a rest period, …. might occur–> a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further …
if the CS is again presented repeatedly without the US, the CR becomes … again
spontaneous recovery; conditioning; extinct
generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by
related stimuli
discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a …, preventing …
specific stimuli; generalization
(Pavlov’s legacy) insights about conditioning in general–> it occurs in all creatures, it is related to biological … and …
drives; responses
(Pavlov’s legacy) insights about science–> learning can be studied …, by quantifying actions and isolating … of behavior
objectively; elements
(Pavlov’s legacy) insights from specific applications–> substance abuse involves …, and these triggers can be avoided/associated with new responses
conditioned triggers
john b. watson and classical conditioning: playing with fear –> in 1920, 9-month-old little albert wasn’t afraid of rats. watson and rosalie rayner than clanged a steel bar every time a rat was presented to albert. albert acquired a …, and generalized this fear to other … and … things. watson prided himself in his ability to shape people’s … and later went into advertising
fear of rats; soft; furry; emotions
