Mod 20

Question 1

we learn from experience:
when we learn to .. events we already like or don’t like by noticing other .. or … that happen first
when our actions have …
when we watch what …

Answer 1

predict; events; sensations; consequences; other people do

Question 2

we learn by association:
when two stimuli (events or sensations) tend to occur … or in …
when actions become associated with … or … results
when two pieces of information are …

Answer 2

together; sequence; pleasant; aversive; linked

Question 3

classical conditioning: learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an even to which we

Answer 3

have ar eaction

Question 4

operant conditioning: changing … choices in response to …

Answer 4

behavior; consequences

Question 5

cognitive learning: acquiring new behaviors and information through … and …, rather than by …

Answer 5

observation; information; direct experience

Question 6

associative learning: classical conditioning–> after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we …
result: our natural response to one stimulus now can be … by the new, predictive stimulus

Answer 6

assocciate those stimuli with each other; triggered

Question 7

cognitive learning refers to acquiring new behaviors and information …, rather than by …

Answer 7

mentally; direct experience

Question 8

cognitive learning occurs by … events and the behavior of others and by using .. to acquire information about events experienced by others

Answer 8

observing; language

Question 9

the term behaviorism was used by John B. Watson, a proponent of …, as well as by B.F. Skinner, a leader in research about …

Answer 9

classical conditoning; operant conditioning

Question 10

both watson and skinner believed the mental life was much less important than … as a foundation for …

Answer 10

behavior; psychological science

Question 11

both watson and skinner foresaw applications in controlling human behavior:
skinner conceived of … communities
watson went into …

Answer 11

utopian; advertising

Question 12

while studying salivation in dogs, Ivan Pavlov found that salivation from eating food was eventually triggered by what should have been … such as:
just seeing food, seeing the dish, seeing person who brought food and hearing that person’s footsteps

Answer 12

neutral stimuli

Question 13

neutral stimulus: a stimulus which does not

Answer 13

trigger a response

Question 14

unconditioned stimulus and response; a stimulus which triggers a response .., before/without any …

Answer 14

naturally; conditioning

Question 15

the UR and the CR are the same .., triggered by different …–> the difference is whether … was necessary for the response to happen

Answer 15

response; events; conditioning

Question 16

the NS and the CS are the same …–> the difference is whether the stimulus triggers the …

Answer 16

stimulus; conditioned response

Question 17

higher-order conditioning: turning an … into a … by associating it with another …

Answer 17

NS; CS; CS

Question 18

acquisition refers to the initial stage of ../…

Answer 18

learning; conditioning

Question 19

what gets acquired? the association between a … and …

Answer 19

NS; unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

how can we tell that acquisition has occurred?the UR now gets … by a …

Answer 20

triggered; CS

Question 21

timing: for the association to be acquired, the neutral stimulus needs to repeatedly appear … the unconditioned stimulus…about a .. before, in most cases

Answer 21

before; half-second

Question 22

the strength of a CR grows with …

Answer 22

conditioning

Question 23

extinction refers to the diminishing of a … response. If the US stops appearing with the CS, the … decreases

Answer 23

conditioned; CR

Question 24

After a CR has been conditioned and then extinguished: following a rest period, …. might occur–> a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further …
if the CS is again presented repeatedly without the US, the CR becomes … again

Answer 24

spontaneous recovery; conditioning; extinct

Question 25

generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by

Answer 25

related stimuli

Question 26

discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a …, preventing …

Answer 26

specific stimuli; generalization

Question 27

(Pavlov’s legacy) insights about conditioning in general–> it occurs in all creatures, it is related to biological … and …

Answer 27

drives; responses

Question 28

(Pavlov’s legacy) insights about science–> learning can be studied …, by quantifying actions and isolating … of behavior

Answer 28

objectively; elements

Question 29

(Pavlov’s legacy) insights from specific applications–> substance abuse involves …, and these triggers can be avoided/associated with new responses

Answer 29

conditioned triggers

Question 30

john b. watson and classical conditioning: playing with fear –> in 1920, 9-month-old little albert wasn’t afraid of rats. watson and rosalie rayner than clanged a steel bar every time a rat was presented to albert. albert acquired a …, and generalized this fear to other … and … things. watson prided himself in his ability to shape people’s … and later went into advertising

Answer 30

fear of rats; soft; furry; emotions