Mod 26 Flashcards
if we remembered everything, maybe we could not … the important memories
prioritize
if we remembered everything we might have difficulty thinking … and making … if our brain was devoted to compiling isolated bits of info
abstractly; connections
what leads to forgetting? brain … … failure … decay … failure … … forgetting
damage; encoding; storage; retrieval; interference; motivated
Jill Price has hyperthymesia; she not only recalls .., but is unable to …
everything; forget anything
Another possible problem if we were unable to forget: we might not … because of intrusive memories
focus well on current stimuli
In 1953, the removal of Henry Molaison (H.M)’s … at age 27 ended his seizures, but also ended his ability to form new … memories
hippocampus; explicit
H.M. could learn new …, …, … of objects, and …,, but had no memory of the lessons/instructors. He also retained memories from before …
skills; procedures; locations; games; the surgery
different types of memory correspond to
different parts of the brain
retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to
retrieve memory of the past
“H.M” and “Jimmy” suffered from hippocampus damage and removal causing … amnesia, an inability to form …
anterograde; new long-term declarative memories
H.M and Jimmy had no sense that … had passed since the brain damage. While they were not forming new declarative memories, … was still happening in other processing “tracks”
time; encoding
Jimmy and H.M. could still learn how to … (… processing), could learn new … (… memory), and acquire … However, they could not remember any … which created these implicit memories;
get places; automatic; skills; procedural; conditioned responses; experiences
with retrograde amnesia, memories closer to the injury are … than those that were formed much longer prior to the injury
weaker
the two types of amnesia: … and … amnesia
retrograde; anterograde
retrograde amnesia refers to an inability to … memory of the ..
retrieve; past
anterograde amnesia refers to an inability to form …
new long-term declarative/explicit memories
retrograde amnesia can be caused by … or … and is often … it can also be caused by more …; in that case, it may include anterograde amnesia
head injury; emotional trauma; temporary; severe braind amage
H.M. and Jimmy lived with no memories of life
after surgery
Material encoded into long term memory will … if the memory is never used, recalled and re-stored
decay
Decay is LTP in reverse (or like pruning). Unused connections and networks … while well-used memory traces are …
wither; maintained
Decay tends to … Memory for both nonsense syllables and Spanish lessons decays rapidly. However, what hasn’t decayed quickly tends to stay intact …
level off; long-term
Sometimes, the memory itself does not decay. Instead, what decays are the …and … that help us find our way to the stored memory. As a result, some stored memories seem jjust below the surface
associations; links
to prevent retrieval failure when storing and rehearsing memories, you can build …, linking images, rhymes, categories, lists, and cues
multiple associations
Another downside of not forgetting is that old and new memories can … with each other, making it difficult to .. new memories and … old ones
interfere; store; retrievw
Occasionally, the opposite of interference happens. In …, old information makes it easier to learn related new information
positive transfer
Proactive interference occurs when … information interferes (in a forward-acting way) with .. .
past info; learning new info
interference is not
amnesia
retroactive interference occurs when … interferes with the storage and retrieval of…
new stimuli/learning; previously formed memories
in one study, students who studied right before eight hours of sleep had better … than those who studied before eight hours of daily activities. the daily activities … with the morning’s learning
recall; retroactively interfered
Memory is fallible and changeable, but can we practice …, that is, choosing to forget or to change our memories?
motivated forgetting
Sigmund Freud believed that we sometimes make an … decision to bury our anxiety-provoking memories and hide them from … He called this …
unconscious; conscious awareness; repression
new techniques of psychotherapy and medication interventions may allow us to .. (prevent … of) recalled memories
erase; reconsolidation
Motivated forgetting is not common. More often
- recall is full of …
- people try not to think about … If they fail to rehearse those memories, the memories can …
errors; painful memories; fade
Forgetting can occur at any … As we process information we …, …, or … mucho f it
memory stage; process information; filter; alter; lose
memory not only gets forgotten, but it gets … (imagined, selected, changed, and rebuilt0
constructed
memories are … every time we “recall” (actually, reconstruct) them. They they are altered again when we … the memory (using working memory to send them into …)
altered; reconsolidate; long term storage
… alters earlier memories
later information
no matter how accurate and video-like our memory seems, it is full of
alterations
ways in which our memory ends up being an inaccurate guide to the past: the … effect … inflation … amnesia … … memories
misinformation; imagination; source; deja vu; implanted
The misinformation effect: incorporating … information into one’s memory of an event
misleading
implanted memories:
in one study, students were told a false story that spoiled egg salad had made them ill in childhood. as a result, many students became even less likely to eat egg salad sandwiches in the future. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, people were asked to provide details of an incident in childhood when they had been lost in a shopping mall. Even thought here actually had been no such incident, by trying to …, most people came to believe that the incident had actually happened
picture details
imagination inflation: simply … an event can make it seem like a .. once we have an inaccurate memory, we tend to add more …, as perhaps we do for all memories. This is because … and actually seeing an event activate similar …
picturing; real memory; imagined details; visualizing; brain areas
source amnesia: forgetting where the story …, and attributing the source to your …
came from; own experience
Deja vu refers to the feeling that you’re in a situation that you’ve .. or have …
seen; been in before
We can feel very certain that we’ve seen a situation before even when we have not. this can be seen as …: a memory (from current sensory memory) that we misattribute as being from …
source amnesia; long term memory
deja vu happens because sometimes our sense of .. and … kicks in too soon, and our brain explains this as being caused by …
familiarity; recognition; prior experience
as you get older, more experiences of deja vu occur because you have more
life experiences
we tend to alter our memories to fit our …: this explains why hindsight bias feels like telling the truth
current views
because kids have underdeveloped …, they are even more prone to ..
frontal lobes; implanted memories
in one study, children who were asked what happened when an animal escaped in a classroom had vivid memories of the escape which had not occurred. for kids, even more than adults, imagined events are hard to … from experienced events.
differentiate
can people recover memories that are so thoroughly repressed as to be forgotten?
abuse memories are more likely to be … to memory than forgotten. Forgotten memories of minor events do .., usually through cues (…)
burned in; reappear spontaneously; accidental reminders
an active process of searching for such memories, however, is more likely to … that feel real
create detailed memories
… memories implanted by leading questions, may not be lies. people reporting events that didn’t happen usually believe they are telling the truth
false memories
repressed memories are extremely
rare
while true repressed/recovered memories may be rare, .. memories of abuse are common
unreported
whether to cope or to prevent conflict, many people try to get their minds off memories of abuse. they do not rehearse these memories,a nd sometimes the
abuse memory fades
because of the infantile amnesia effect, memories of events before age 3 are likely to be … this refers to both false reports and missed reports o abuse
constructions
