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psych > Mod 26 > Flashcards

Mod 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

if we remembered everything, maybe we could not … the important memories

A

prioritize

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2
Q

if we remembered everything we might have difficulty thinking … and making … if our brain was devoted to compiling isolated bits of info

A

abstractly; connections

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3
Q 
what leads to forgetting? 
brain …
… failure
… decay
… failure
…
… forgetting
A

damage; encoding; storage; retrieval; interference; motivated

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4
Q

Jill Price has hyperthymesia; she not only recalls .., but is unable to …

A

everything; forget anything

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5
Q

Another possible problem if we were unable to forget: we might not … because of intrusive memories

A

focus well on current stimuli

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6
Q

In 1953, the removal of Henry Molaison (H.M)’s … at age 27 ended his seizures, but also ended his ability to form new … memories

A

hippocampus; explicit

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7
Q

H.M. could learn new …, …, … of objects, and …,, but had no memory of the lessons/instructors. He also retained memories from before …

A

skills; procedures; locations; games; the surgery

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8
Q

different types of memory correspond to

A

different parts of the brain

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9
Q

retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to

A

retrieve memory of the past

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10
Q

“H.M” and “Jimmy” suffered from hippocampus damage and removal causing … amnesia, an inability to form …

A

anterograde; new long-term declarative memories

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11
Q

H.M and Jimmy had no sense that … had passed since the brain damage. While they were not forming new declarative memories, … was still happening in other processing “tracks”

A

time; encoding

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12
Q

Jimmy and H.M. could still learn how to … (… processing), could learn new … (… memory), and acquire … However, they could not remember any … which created these implicit memories;

A

get places; automatic; skills; procedural; conditioned responses; experiences

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13
Q

with retrograde amnesia, memories closer to the injury are … than those that were formed much longer prior to the injury

A

weaker

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14
Q

the two types of amnesia: … and … amnesia

A

retrograde; anterograde

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15
Q

retrograde amnesia refers to an inability to … memory of the ..

A

retrieve; past

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16
Q

anterograde amnesia refers to an inability to form …

A

new long-term declarative/explicit memories

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17
Q

retrograde amnesia can be caused by … or … and is often … it can also be caused by more …; in that case, it may include anterograde amnesia

A

head injury; emotional trauma; temporary; severe braind amage

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18
Q

H.M. and Jimmy lived with no memories of life

A

after surgery

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19
Q

Material encoded into long term memory will … if the memory is never used, recalled and re-stored

A

decay

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20
Q

Decay is LTP in reverse (or like pruning). Unused connections and networks … while well-used memory traces are …

A

wither; maintained

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21
Q

Decay tends to … Memory for both nonsense syllables and Spanish lessons decays rapidly. However, what hasn’t decayed quickly tends to stay intact …

A

level off; long-term

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22
Q

Sometimes, the memory itself does not decay. Instead, what decays are the …and … that help us find our way to the stored memory. As a result, some stored memories seem jjust below the surface

A

associations; links

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23
Q

to prevent retrieval failure when storing and rehearsing memories, you can build …, linking images, rhymes, categories, lists, and cues

A

multiple associations

24
Q

Another downside of not forgetting is that old and new memories can … with each other, making it difficult to .. new memories and … old ones

A

interfere; store; retrievw

25
Q

Occasionally, the opposite of interference happens. In …, old information makes it easier to learn related new information

A

positive transfer

26
Q

Proactive interference occurs when … information interferes (in a forward-acting way) with .. .

A

past info; learning new info

27
Q

interference is not

A

amnesia

28
Q

retroactive interference occurs when … interferes with the storage and retrieval of…

A

new stimuli/learning; previously formed memories

29
Q

in one study, students who studied right before eight hours of sleep had better … than those who studied before eight hours of daily activities. the daily activities … with the morning’s learning

A

recall; retroactively interfered

30
Q

Memory is fallible and changeable, but can we practice …, that is, choosing to forget or to change our memories?

A

motivated forgetting

31
Q

Sigmund Freud believed that we sometimes make an … decision to bury our anxiety-provoking memories and hide them from … He called this …

A

unconscious; conscious awareness; repression

32
Q

new techniques of psychotherapy and medication interventions may allow us to .. (prevent … of) recalled memories

A

erase; reconsolidation

33
Q

Motivated forgetting is not common. More often

  1. recall is full of …
  2. people try not to think about … If they fail to rehearse those memories, the memories can …
A

errors; painful memories; fade

34
Q

Forgetting can occur at any … As we process information we …, …, or … mucho f it

A

memory stage; process information; filter; alter; lose

35
Q

memory not only gets forgotten, but it gets … (imagined, selected, changed, and rebuilt0

A

constructed

36
Q

memories are … every time we “recall” (actually, reconstruct) them. They they are altered again when we … the memory (using working memory to send them into …)

A

altered; reconsolidate; long term storage

37
Q

… alters earlier memories

A

later information

38
Q

no matter how accurate and video-like our memory seems, it is full of

A

alterations

39
Q 
ways in which our memory ends up being an inaccurate guide to the past: 
the … effect
… inflation 
… amnesia
… 
… memories
A

misinformation; imagination; source; deja vu; implanted

40
Q

The misinformation effect: incorporating … information into one’s memory of an event

A

misleading

41
Q

implanted memories:
in one study, students were told a false story that spoiled egg salad had made them ill in childhood. as a result, many students became even less likely to eat egg salad sandwiches in the future. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, people were asked to provide details of an incident in childhood when they had been lost in a shopping mall. Even thought here actually had been no such incident, by trying to …, most people came to believe that the incident had actually happened

A

picture details

42
Q

imagination inflation: simply … an event can make it seem like a .. once we have an inaccurate memory, we tend to add more …, as perhaps we do for all memories. This is because … and actually seeing an event activate similar …

A

picturing; real memory; imagined details; visualizing; brain areas

43
Q

source amnesia: forgetting where the story …, and attributing the source to your …

A

came from; own experience

44
Q

Deja vu refers to the feeling that you’re in a situation that you’ve .. or have …

A

seen; been in before

45
Q

We can feel very certain that we’ve seen a situation before even when we have not. this can be seen as …: a memory (from current sensory memory) that we misattribute as being from …

A

source amnesia; long term memory

46
Q

deja vu happens because sometimes our sense of .. and … kicks in too soon, and our brain explains this as being caused by …

A

familiarity; recognition; prior experience

47
Q

as you get older, more experiences of deja vu occur because you have more

A

life experiences

48
Q

we tend to alter our memories to fit our …: this explains why hindsight bias feels like telling the truth

A

current views

49
Q

because kids have underdeveloped …, they are even more prone to ..

A

frontal lobes; implanted memories

50
Q

in one study, children who were asked what happened when an animal escaped in a classroom had vivid memories of the escape which had not occurred. for kids, even more than adults, imagined events are hard to … from experienced events.

A

differentiate

51
Q

can people recover memories that are so thoroughly repressed as to be forgotten?
abuse memories are more likely to be … to memory than forgotten. Forgotten memories of minor events do .., usually through cues (…)

A

burned in; reappear spontaneously; accidental reminders

52
Q

an active process of searching for such memories, however, is more likely to … that feel real

A

create detailed memories

53
Q

… memories implanted by leading questions, may not be lies. people reporting events that didn’t happen usually believe they are telling the truth

A

false memories

54
Q

repressed memories are extremely

A

rare

55
Q

while true repressed/recovered memories may be rare, .. memories of abuse are common

A

unreported

56
Q

whether to cope or to prevent conflict, many people try to get their minds off memories of abuse. they do not rehearse these memories,a nd sometimes the

A

abuse memory fades

57
Q

because of the infantile amnesia effect, memories of events before age 3 are likely to be … this refers to both false reports and missed reports o abuse

A

constructions

psych (28 decks)

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