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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 2 - Respiratory Structure and Function > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Respiratory Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general respiratory function

A

gas transport for metabolism

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2
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory system

A

move oxygen from air into pulmonary blood
clearance of CO2

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3
Q

what do lungs receive and from where

A

receive 100% of the cardiac output from the right heart

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4
Q

what are non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system

A

filter blood
chemical processing
maintenance and defences
important to maintain blood pH

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5
Q

what does the respiratory system facilitate (non-respiratory)

A

venous return (respiratory pump)

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6
Q

what is respiration

A

the entire process = interchanges of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

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7
Q

what are the 3 steps of respiration

A
  1. ventilation (breathing)
  2. gas exchange
  3. cellular respiration
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8
Q

what is ventilation

A

transport of air to and from lungs

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9
Q

what is gas exchange

A

O2/CO2 exchange between the air in the lungs and cells in the body (movement of gas across barrier)

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10
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

oxidation of cellular molecules that produces CO2, water and ATP (O2 uptake and metabolism)

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11
Q

what is occurring when air is transported through airways from the atmosphere to the respiratory zone of the lungs

A

ventilation

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12
Q

what are airways a system of

A

tubular structures

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13
Q

what are the airways in order

A
  1. nasal/oral cavities
  2. pharynx and larynx
  3. trachea
  4. bronchi
  5. bronchioles
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14
Q

what do bronchioles connect to

A

alveoli - gas exchange

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15
Q

what does the trachea split into

A

bronchi

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16
Q

what do the bronchi split into

A

bronchioles

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17
Q

main function of the airways

A

delivering gas to the respiratory zone (alveoli)
conditioning inhaled air

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18
Q

what are 3 types of conditioning inhaled air that the airways are responsible for

A

air warmed to core body temp
gas humidification
filtration, cleansing

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19
Q

why does the air have to be warmed to the core body temp

A

prevents temp choc in the alveoli

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20
Q

how do the airways humidify gas

A

saturate with vapour

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21
Q

why do the airways humidify gas

A

to prevent dehydration of the respiratory epithelium in alveoli

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22
Q

why do the airways filtrate and cleanse air

A

to prevent foreign objects and microorganisms to enter the lungs which reduces the risk of injury and infection

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23
Q

what is the inner surface of the nasal/oral cavities

A

mucous membrane that warms and humidifies air

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24
Q

what is the first spot for air conditioning

A

nasal/oral cavities

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25
Q

what do some species have that acts as the first filter

A

hair in nostrils

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26
Q

what do the epithelium in nasal/oral cavities contain

A

ciliated cells and mucus cells (goblet)

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27
Q

what do ciliated and goblet cells do

A

trap foreign objects and move the mucus towards the pharynx

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28
Q

what is the pharynx

A

connection between nasal/oral cavity and the larynx

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29
Q

what does the pharynx ensure

A

no food in airways

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30
Q

what does the larynx connect

A

pharynx and trachea

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31
Q

what does the larynx consist of

A

glottis and epiglottis

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32
Q

what are the glottis and epiglottis

A

cartilage that prevents food to enter the trachea

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33
Q

what is the trachea

A

a flexible tube that is kept open by cartilage rings

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34
Q

what keeps the trachea open

A

cartilage rings

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35
Q

what is the inner surface of the trachea lined with

A

ciliated and mucus cells

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36
Q

what does mucus do

A

`traps particles

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37
Q

that do the cilia movements do

A

push trash back towards the pharynx

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38
Q

what do the bronchi possess

A

cartilage plates

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39
Q

what do the cartilage plates in bronchi do

A

maintain the shape

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40
Q

what is the primary bronchi

A

where the bronchi start off - 1 tube per lung

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41
Q

what happens to the primary bronchi

A

they branch off to narrower tubes with less cartilage

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42
Q

where are bronchioles

A

inside lungs

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43
Q

what are the cartilage plates in bronchi not subject to

A

the same pressure because they are in the ribcage

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44
Q

what do bronchioles lack

A

cartilage

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45
Q

what do bronchioles depend on instead of cartilage

A

lung recoil to maintain potency

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46
Q

what do bronchioles possess

A

smooth muscle

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47
Q

what do both bronchi and bronchioles possess

A

ciliated and mucus producing epithelial cells

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48
Q

what is the general amount of bronchioles that branch from the trachea to the terminal alveoli

A

20-24

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49
Q

what do the muscle layers on bronchioles control

A

opening/closing of bronchioles

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50
Q

what is occurring when an airway is inflamed

A

the muscle layers on bronchioles are too tight due to obstructed lumen

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51
Q

what occurs to the airway’s cross sectional area when moving from trachea to respiratory zone

A

increases dramatically

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52
Q

where is there a geometric increase

A

in a number of small airways

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53
Q

what does the velocity of airflow reduce to as cross sectional area increases

A

reduces to virtually 0

54
Q

how does gas move in the respiratory zone

A

by diffusion

55
Q

how do you calculate the velocity of airflow

A

velocity (cm/sec) = flow (cm3/sec)/cross sectional area (cm2)

56
Q

what is responsible for airway clearance

A

cilia and goblet cells

57
Q

what do cilia and goblet cells work to do

A

move thin sheet of mucus from lower parts of the lungs to the throat region

58
Q

what is defensin

A

the airway “lysol”

59
Q

what does defensins do

A

destroy bacteria

60
Q

what is the first line of defence for airway clearance

A

defensins

61
Q

what is the second line of defence for airway clearance

A

immune system proper - immune cell microphages

62
Q

what is associated with inflammation of the lower airways

A

accumulation of mucus and pus in the trachea

63
Q

what is the involvement of the ciliated epithelium with inflammation of the lower airways

A

it cannot move mucus, which impacts airflow and enacts turbulence

64
Q

what are alveoli

A

clusters around terminal bronchioles of functional units of sacs

65
Q

how much space does the adult human’s alveoli cover

A

75-80 m2

65
Q

what are alveoli formed by

A

a single layer of epithelial cells

66
Q

what surrounds alveoli

A

a capillary network

67
Q

how is air separated from blood in alveoli

A

2 layers of cells: endothelium and epithelium.

68
Q

what type of epithelial cells produce fluid

A

type 2: surfactant which reduces surface tension

69
Q

what keeps alveoli open

A

the surface tension - H- bonds between water molecules

70
Q

what happens if small molecules reach alveoli

A

they are phagocytize by macrophages

71
Q

what is responsible for the immune defence in alveoli

A

macrophages - digest any pathogen/debrise

72
Q

what is the thoracic cavity

A

the space within the thoracic cage between thoracic vertebras, ribs and intercostal muscles, and sternum

73
Q

what does the diaphragm separate

A

thoracic and abdominal cavity

74
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

sheet of skeletal muscles and tendon

75
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

sleeve of connective tissue that divides thoracic cage in 2 halves from spine to sternum

76
Q

what does each lung fill

A

1 half of the mediastinum

77
Q

what does the connective tissue of the mediastinum contain

A

vessels
nerves
trachea
esophagus
heart

78
Q

pleural membranes

A

wet epithelial surfaces that cover the lungs

79
Q

what is the intrapleural space filled with

A

small amount of liquid = lubrication for friction free movements

80
Q

what does ventilation follow

A

the laws of physics - flow from high to low pressure

81
Q

what does ventilation depend on

A

difference of pressure

82
Q

in ventilation, what is resistance of flow due to

A

friction of air particles with each others and with the ducts

83
Q

what happens if resistance increases

A

change in pressure must increase to maintain air flow

84
Q

what happens change of pressure decreases

A

resistance must decrease to maintain air flow

85
Q

what is air flow equal to

A

change in pressure/ resistance

86
Q

what controls change of pressure

A

compression/expansion of the lungs by respiratory muscles: ventilation pump

87
Q

what kind of mechanism is inspiration

A

active

88
Q

what kind of mechanism is expiration

A

passive (at rest)

89
Q

what is the most important muscle at rest

A

diaphragm

90
Q

what is Boyle’s law of gases

A

for a gas at a set temperature, pressure and volume are linked: P1V1=P2V2

91
Q

what happens if volume increases

A

pressure decreases

92
Q

what happens if volume decreases

A

pressure increases

93
Q

what is different about ventilation in horses

A

the end of expiration is active
the beginning of inspiration is passive (recoil)

94
Q

what is different about horse locomotion

A

more than just the diaphragm and intercostal muscles involved - muscles take an active part in expiration (increase speed)

95
Q

what is unique about horses galloping

A

galloping synchronizes with breathing

96
Q

what is unique about diving mammals

A

voluntary apnea (up to 1 hour)

97
Q

what do diving animals possess

A

strong conducting airways

98
Q

what occurs underwater with diving animals

A

compresses gas pushed towards air ways (no gas exchange) to prevent entry of gas in blood

99
Q

what is the general case with diving animals

A

do not dive with full lungs

100
Q

what are factors influencing ventilation

A

air ways resistance
lung compliance
alveolar surface tension

101
Q

what is the air flow concept similar to

A

blood flow

102
Q

what is the major factor in airways

A

pressure

103
Q

where is most air way resistance found

A

nasal cavities - diseases, obstruction

104
Q

what do most animals use to reduce resistance during exercise

A

mouth

105
Q

what do horses do to reduce resistance during exercise

A

flare nostrils

106
Q

what is the degree of turbulence

A

more turbulence = more resistance

107
Q

what happens to airway diameter

A

it is reduce with branching which increases resistance

108
Q

what do parallel branches result in

A

increased cross section (surface area) which compensates for increased resistance

109
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control in ventilation

A

smooth muscle in bronchiole

110
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to bronchiole

A

relaxes cells which increases diameter

111
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to bronchioles

A

contracts cells which reduced diameter

112
Q

what is lung compliance directly linked to

A

the ability to create a change in pressure

113
Q

what is lung compliance

A

the ability of the lung to distend followed by the ability to recoil

114
Q

what contributes to lung compliance

A

elastic fibers in the lung
muscle tissue in the intercostal muscles

115
Q

what does lung compliance depend on

A

elasticity of the tissues in the lung and the thoracic cage
surface tension in alveoli

116
Q

what is alveolar surface tension due to

A

hydrogen bonds in water molecules when on contact with air

117
Q

what does alveolar surface tension tend to reduce

A

reduce surface area

118
Q

what occurs since alveoli are lined with moisture

A

it creates surface tension against distention

119
Q

what does alveolar surface tension get reduce by

A

the presence of surfactant

120
Q

what is surfactant

A

a mix of phospholipids, Ca2+, and proteins

121
Q

what reduce surface tension between h-bonds

A

phospholipids

122
Q

what is barker syndrome in piglets

A

inadequate production of surfactant which increases surface tension, resistance to distension, and decreases ventilation

123
Q

what does a spirometer measure

A

volumes of air inhaled and exhaled

124
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

volume flowing through airways

125
Q

what else does a spirometer also measure

A

respirratory frequency

126
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

further force more air during inspiration by max contraction of respiratory muscles

127
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume

A

after normal expiration, it is possible to force more air out

128
Q

what is the residual volume

A

after ERV forced out, there will always remain air in the lungs

129
Q

what is the vital capacity

A

the max air that can be inhaled/exhaled

130
Q

what is the total lung capacity equal to

A

RV+VT

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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