Lab 1 - Nervous System

Question 1

what do spinal taps diagnose

Answer 1

CNS issues

Question 2

what type of CNS issues do spinal taps diagnose

Answer 2

meningitis
subarachnoid hemorrhages
encephalitis
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Multiple sclerosis

Question 3

what does RMP result from

Answer 3

a difference in charge across the cell membrane

Question 4

what is the average RMP in a nerve cell

Answer 4

-70 to -90 mV

Question 5

what are 3 ways to maintain RMP

Answer 5

selective permeability (diffusion)
ion pumps
large anions trapped on the inner surface of the membrane

Question 6

what is selective permeability (diffusion)

Answer 6

passive leakage of ions through channels - against concentration gradient

Question 7

where do positive charges accumulate

Answer 7

outside membrane

Question 8

what is the resting membrane permeable to

Answer 8

K+

Question 9

what is the resting membrane barely permeable to

Answer 9

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-

Question 10

what compensates for diffusion leakage

Answer 10

ion pumps

Question 11

what do ion pumps do

Answer 11

keep concentration of ions remaining relatively constant inside the cell

Question 12

ratio of Na+/K+ pump

Answer 12

3 Na+ out
2 K+ in

Question 13

how much energy do ion pumps require

Answer 13

lots - up to 40% of available ATP

Question 14

what are types of large anions that are trapped on the inner surface of the membrane

Answer 14

organic anions mostly in proteins and amino acids

Question 15

where are large anions found in a higher concentration

Answer 15

inside cell

Question 16

can large anions pass through membrane freely

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what are large anions attracted to

Answer 17

outside positive charges

Question 18

what are excitable cells

Answer 18

cells that can generate electrical impulses (action potentials)

Question 19

what can excitable cells change

Answer 19

their membrane polarity

Question 20

how do excitable cells change their membrane polarity

Answer 20

using specialized ion channels with gates that open and close (voltage - gated ion channels)

Question 21

what is the channel gate controlled by in nerve cells

Answer 21

voltage (voltage-gated ion channels)

Question 22

what is the position of the gate at rest

Answer 22

closed

Question 23

why is the gate closed at rest

Answer 23

gate needs stimulation (voltage) to reach threshold provoking the opening of the gate

Question 24

what is synaptic transmission

Answer 24

continuation of signal between a neuron and the following cell (another neuron or target cell)

Question 25

what is a neuronal junction

Answer 25

signal transmission between 2 neurons

Question 26

what is a neuromuscular synapse

Answer 26

signal transmission between a neuron and skeletal muscle cell

Question 27

what is the cell membrane made up of

Answer 27

phospholipids

Question 28

what do the phospholipids act as in cell membrane

Answer 28

electric insulator

Question 29

what is a neurotransmitter

Answer 29

molecule responsible for passing the info

Question 30

what is the neuromuscular synapse transmitter

Answer 30

Ach

Question 31

what do neurotransmitters do

Answer 31

convert the electrical signal (AP) into a chemical signal

Question 32

what is common in neuromuscular synapse to increase surface area

Answer 32

post-synaptic folding