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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 1 - Functional Anatomy of CNS > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Functional Anatomy of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the brain consist of

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem

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2
Q

components of brain stem

A

mesencephalon
pons
medullar oblongata

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3
Q

components of diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

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4
Q

what is the cerebrum often referred to

A

forebrain

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5
Q

what part of the brain evolves latest

A

cerebrum

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6
Q

what does the CNS receive

A

continuous flow of info - from inside and outside of body

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7
Q

what does the CNS do with information

A

analyzes and interprets - makes sense of internal and external info

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8
Q

what does the CNS send commands for

A

maintain function of vital systems and organs (homeostasis)
respond to external environment

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9
Q

how can the brain be organized

A

structural (anatomical) features and function

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10
Q

what maintains structural support in CNS

A

meninges

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11
Q

what are the meninges

A

3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

what is the outer meninx

A

dura mater

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13
Q

what is the middle meninx

A

arachnoid

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14
Q

what is the inner meninx

A

Pia matter

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15
Q

what is the dura mater composition

A

thick and tough - attached to skull bone

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16
Q

what does the dura mater do

A

protects and supports the brain

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17
Q

where is the dura mater

A

inserted between cerebral hemisphere

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18
Q

what does the dura mater form

A

venous sinus

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19
Q

what does the dura mater collect

A

most of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid from brain

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20
Q

where is the Pia mater

A

tightly attached to the neural tissue

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21
Q

where is the sub-arachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and Pia mater

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22
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed

A

by capillaries of specialized areas of the Pia mater called choroid plexus

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24
Q

where does CSF circulate

A

from brains ventricles down to the central canal of the spinal cord

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25
Q

where does the CSF diffuse

A

from 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space and circulates around the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

what happens to CSF before entering blood circulation

A

it is drained into venous sinus

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27
Q

what are the roles of the CSF

A

provides nutrients to CNS
protection (shock absorber)
ionic concentration ideal for optimum neuronal function

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28
Q

where is the blood -CSF barrier

A

at choroid plexus

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29
Q

what is the blood - CSF barrier responsible for

A

uptake of nutrients and drugs in CSF

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30
Q

what does the blood-brain barrier allow to diffuse

A

only liposoluble substances such as gases

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31
Q

why can no cells or proteins diffuse through blood-brain barrier

A

it has tight junctions which are surrounded by basal lamina to prevent any leakage/free movement

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32
Q

what does the cerebral cortex consist of

A

grey matter

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33
Q

what is the most superficial layer of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex - acquired late in evolution

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34
Q

what is the cerebral cortex responsible for

A

the conscious experience of sensory input

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35
Q

what is the cerebral cortex a site of

A

high nervous association

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36
Q

what is the cerebral cortex marked by

A

a high degree of educability (learning/reflex)

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37
Q

where do you hit an animal if you want to render it unconscious

A

cerebral cortex - primary cortical areas have been mapped

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38
Q

what is beneath the cortex

A

white matter

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39
Q

what does white matter include

A

association fibers between parts of cortex
commissural fibers between 2 hemispheres
projection fibers

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40
Q

what do projection fibers in white matter connect

A

cortex to other brain structures and spinal cord

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41
Q

where is the basal nuclei

A

deep within the cerebrum (close to thalamus)

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42
Q

what is the basal nuclei

A

paired nuclei composed of large pools of neurons

43
Q

what does the basal nuclei control

A

complex semi-voluntary movements i.e walking/running

44
Q

for movements that will always be the same, where is this info stored

A

basal nuclei

45
Q

what does the basal nuclei work in conjunction with

A

the cortex and cerebellum - still requires consciousness

46
Q

what does the basal nuclei also control in birds

A

voluntary movements

47
Q

where does the cerebellum receive info from

A

inner ear
proprioceptive receptors
cortex

48
Q

inner ear info

A

equilibrium

49
Q

proprioceptive receptors

A

muscles, tendons, joints

50
Q

cortex info

A

visual and motor

51
Q

what is the main role of the cerebellum

A

prevent distortion of intended movement

52
Q

how does the cerebellum work

A

receive info regarding body status intended movement
makes adjustments for smooth completion

53
Q

how does the cerebellum send corrective signals

A

via thalamus to the cortex and spinal nuclei commanding the muscles

54
Q

what type of animal is the cerebellum well developed

A

animals requiring precise adjustment for locomotion (air, ground, water)

55
Q

what happens when there is damage to the cerebellum

A

bad posture
wobbly
cannot control movement

56
Q

what is the diencephalon also called

A

interbrain

57
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
epithalamus

58
Q

what is the thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information, cerebellum, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex

59
Q

what does the epithalamus contain

A

olfactory correlation centre and the pineal gland

60
Q

what is the epithalamus involved in

A

circadian rhythm

61
Q

what does the hypothalamus produce

A

neuropeptides that control anterior pituitary
neurohormones released by posterior pituitary

62
Q

what is the principal regulator of the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

with the brain stem, the hypothalamus is the most important region for the control of…

A

homeostasis

64
Q

what does the brain stem contain

A

nuclei that govern body function by reflexes
large amount of white matter (conveyors)

65
Q

what is the deepest part of the brain

A

brainstem

66
Q

what is the brain stem the control centre for

A

cardiovascular and respiratory systems

67
Q

what is the mesencephalon

A

visual and auditory reflex centre

68
Q

how does the mesencephalon work as the visual reflex centre

A

receive visual info
control eye movement (for focus)

69
Q

how does the mesencephalon work as the auditory reflex system

A

turns head for noise

70
Q

what is well developed in birds to process visual info

A

the mesencephalon

71
Q

what is the size of most mammals’ midbrains

A

very small and covered by cortex

72
Q

what do the pons and medulla oblongata contain

A

center for postural reflexes
respiratory movements

73
Q

examples of postural reflexes

A

hopping
righting
placing

74
Q

what is the medulla oblongata crucial for the control of

A

heart activity
blood pressure
relative distribution of blood to organs

75
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

76
Q

which are the only purely sensory nerves that remain in the brain

A

I (olfactory) and II (optic)

77
Q

where do cranial nerves III - XII exit from

A

brain stem and innervate structures of the head and neck

78
Q

what are cranial nerves III - XII mostly

A

sensory and motor (mixed)

79
Q

what is the cranial nerve that is the exception

A

X - Vagus nerve

80
Q

what makes cranial nerve X the exception

A

most widely distributed nerve throughout the body, from neck to abdomen

81
Q

what is the vagus nerve (X)

A

parasympathetic fibers to visceral structures in the thorax and abdomen

82
Q

what must the spinal cord be

A

flexible - intervertebral disc

83
Q

what are the regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

84
Q

does the number of vertebra differ between species

A

yes

85
Q

where is the cervical/thoracic region

A

neck/chest

86
Q

where is the lumbar region

A

abdomen

87
Q

where is the sacral region

A

pelvis

88
Q

where is the coccygeal region

A

tail

89
Q

how do you access CSF

A

spinal tap

90
Q

in the spinal cord, what does white matter contain

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons

91
Q

how is white matter arranged in the spinal cord

A

in columns or tracts

92
Q

what does grey matter contain in spinal cord

A

cell bodies and dendrites

93
Q

what is the grey matter shaped like in the spinal cord

A

a butterfly

94
Q

what is the dorsal horn of grey matter responsible for

A

sensory

95
Q

what is the ventral horn of grey matter responsible for

A

motor (skeletal muscles) and autonomic fibers

96
Q

what is the middle zone of grey matter

A

association

97
Q

what is the number of spinal nerves dependent on

A

the number of vertebrae

98
Q

what is the entry/exit of neurons from spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

99
Q

where are spinal nerves formed

A

by joined dorsal and ventral roots merged within spinal canal

100
Q

where do spinal nerves emerge from

A

intervertebral foramina

101
Q

how do spinal nerves predict the effect of spinal cord injury

A

each spinal segment receives sensory info from skin section and send info to muscles

102
Q

how do spinal nerves receive sensory info from skin

A

dermatomes

103
Q

how do spinal nerves send info to muscles

A

myotomes

ANSC 3080 (41 decks)

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