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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 1 - Cardiovascular Overview and Anatomy of Heart > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Cardiovascular Overview and Anatomy of Heart Flashcards

1
Q

general heart anatomy

A

4 chambers
4 sets of valves
2 sets of pumps

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2
Q

what are the 4 chambers

A

2 atria
2 ventricles

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of valves

A

AV valves
Semi-lunar valves

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4
Q

what are the 2 AV valves

A

tricuspid
bicuspid

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5
Q

what are the 2 semi-lunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

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6
Q

what do the semi-lunar valves do

A

prevent back flow once blood has left the heart

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary circulatory system

A

arteries to and veins from the lungs

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8
Q

what is the systemic circulatory system

A

arteries to and veins from the rest of the body

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9
Q

why is the heart separated into 2 parts

A

prevents the mixing of oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood

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10
Q

what direction do veins carry blood

A

back to the heart

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11
Q

what direction do arteries carry blood

A

out of the heart

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12
Q

what are the major functions of the CVS

A

transport of O2/CO2
transport waste
transport heat
transport hormones
carry immune cells
stabilize internal environment

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13
Q

where does the CVS transport O2/CO2

A

from and to the lungs and tissues

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14
Q

where does the CVS transport nutrients

A

from intestines to tissues
from and to liver and fat

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15
Q

what is the liver in terms of nutrients

A

factory

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16
Q

what is fat in terms of nutrients

A

storage

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17
Q

where does the CVS transport heat

A

from inside to skin

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18
Q

where does the CVS transport waste

A

from production to excretion sites

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19
Q

examples of excretion sites

A

kidney
liver (for further processing)

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20
Q

where does the CVS transport hormones

A

from endocrine glands to target cells

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21
Q

what is the CVS in terms of stabilizing the internal environment

A

buffer (pH, ions etc)

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22
Q

what is the pericardium

A

2 layers of connective tissue with a cavity

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23
Q

what is the visceral layer of the pericardium

A

(inner) layer attached to heart wall

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24
Q

what layer of the pericardium is reinforced

A

parietal layer (outer)

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25
Q

what does the pericardium prevent

A

over-sizing (overstretching) of the heart

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26
Q

what is between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium

A

a cavity filled with fluid that allows some movement and prevents friction during contraction

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27
Q

what do the 2 atria mainly serve as

A

reservoirs

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28
Q

what do the two atria do

A

help transfer blood to the ventricles

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29
Q

what do the 2 ventricles do

A

propel blood into systemic and pulmonary circulation

30
Q

what is the heart wall

A

muscle tissue (myocardium)
muscular septum

31
Q

what separates the 2 heart halves

A

muscular septum

32
Q

what is the endocardium

A

epithelium covering the inner surface

33
Q

what is the endocardium equivalent to

A

endothelium of blood vessels. - very glossy

34
Q

where does the heart get oxygenated

A

from blood vessels outside of the heart

35
Q

what are valves made of

A

fibrous connective tissue attached to fibrous ring

36
Q

what is the purpose of valves

A

allow blood to flow in only 1 direction

37
Q

which AV valve is on the left

A

bicuspid (mitral)

38
Q

which AV valve is on the right

A

tricuspid

39
Q

how do the AV valves prevent inversion and limit movement

A

free end of AV valves attached to papillary muscle in ventricle

40
Q

where is the aortic semilunar valve located

A

between left ventricle and aorta

41
Q

where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

42
Q

what do the chordae tendineae do

A

link valves and prevent valves from flipping the other way (acts as anchor)

43
Q

what type of mechanism is the opening and closing of valves

A

passive

44
Q

what is the opening and closing of valves dependent on

A

blood pressure

45
Q

what do arteries do

A

convey blood from the heart to tissues and organs

46
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries do

A

leave the right ventricle to bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs

47
Q

what does the aorta do

A

leaves the left ventricle to bring oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

48
Q

what do veins do

A

convey blood from the tissues and organs to the heart

49
Q

what are the 2 vena cava options

A

cranial or superior
caudal or inferior

50
Q

what do the vena cava do

A

bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

51
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium

52
Q

where do arteries branch off

A

aorta
pulmonary arteries

53
Q

why must arteries be elastic

A

receive tremendous pressure from ventricle contractions - absorb pressure

54
Q

what do arteries conduct

A

vessels for blood

55
Q

what do small arteries do

A

deliver blood locally to arterioles and capillaries in tissues

56
Q

what do small arteries control

A

the pressure via tone of vessel’s smooth muscle

57
Q

what are capillaries the site of

A

gas exchange
nutrient etc

58
Q

why must arteries be so elastic

A

as more branches occur, blood pressure decreases - therefore arteries have much higher pressure

59
Q

what do venues do

A

collect blood from capillaries

60
Q

what do veins do

A

receive blood from venues and return it to heart

61
Q

what might alter the venous return

A

change in tone

62
Q

what is the heart/lungs loop to oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary system

63
Q

characteristics of pulmonary system

A

relatively low blood pressure
low resistance
highly distensible

64
Q

what is responsible for the distribution of oxygenated blood and nutrient throughout body

A

systemic system

65
Q

characteristics of systemic system

A

high pressure, high resistance

66
Q

which ventricle performs more work and by how much

A

left ventricle by 5-7 fold - wall much thicker

67
Q

cardiac output

A

blood pumped by each half of the heart per minute

68
Q

what does the cardiac output depend on

A

needs/functions of various organs

69
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

70
Q

what is the systole phase

A

phase of contraction

71
Q

what is the diastole phase

A

phase of relaxation/filling

72
Q

does the heart contract all at once

A

no - 2 step pumping

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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