Midterm 1 - Cardiovascular Overview and Anatomy of Heart Flashcards
general heart anatomy
4 chambers
4 sets of valves
2 sets of pumps
what are the 4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
what are the 2 types of valves
AV valves
Semi-lunar valves
what are the 2 AV valves
tricuspid
bicuspid
what are the 2 semi-lunar valves
aortic and pulmonary
what do the semi-lunar valves do
prevent back flow once blood has left the heart
what is the pulmonary circulatory system
arteries to and veins from the lungs
what is the systemic circulatory system
arteries to and veins from the rest of the body
why is the heart separated into 2 parts
prevents the mixing of oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood
what direction do veins carry blood
back to the heart
what direction do arteries carry blood
out of the heart
what are the major functions of the CVS
transport of O2/CO2
transport waste
transport heat
transport hormones
carry immune cells
stabilize internal environment
where does the CVS transport O2/CO2
from and to the lungs and tissues
where does the CVS transport nutrients
from intestines to tissues
from and to liver and fat
what is the liver in terms of nutrients
factory
what is fat in terms of nutrients
storage
where does the CVS transport heat
from inside to skin
where does the CVS transport waste
from production to excretion sites
examples of excretion sites
kidney
liver (for further processing)
where does the CVS transport hormones
from endocrine glands to target cells
what is the CVS in terms of stabilizing the internal environment
buffer (pH, ions etc)
what is the pericardium
2 layers of connective tissue with a cavity
what is the visceral layer of the pericardium
(inner) layer attached to heart wall
what layer of the pericardium is reinforced
parietal layer (outer)
what does the pericardium prevent
over-sizing (overstretching) of the heart
what is between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
a cavity filled with fluid that allows some movement and prevents friction during contraction
what do the 2 atria mainly serve as
reservoirs
what do the two atria do
help transfer blood to the ventricles
what do the 2 ventricles do
propel blood into systemic and pulmonary circulation
what is the heart wall
muscle tissue (myocardium)
muscular septum
what separates the 2 heart halves
muscular septum
what is the endocardium
epithelium covering the inner surface
what is the endocardium equivalent to
endothelium of blood vessels. - very glossy
where does the heart get oxygenated
from blood vessels outside of the heart
what are valves made of
fibrous connective tissue attached to fibrous ring
what is the purpose of valves
allow blood to flow in only 1 direction
which AV valve is on the left
bicuspid (mitral)
which AV valve is on the right
tricuspid
how do the AV valves prevent inversion and limit movement
free end of AV valves attached to papillary muscle in ventricle
where is the aortic semilunar valve located
between left ventricle and aorta
where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
what do the chordae tendineae do
link valves and prevent valves from flipping the other way (acts as anchor)
what type of mechanism is the opening and closing of valves
passive
what is the opening and closing of valves dependent on
blood pressure
what do arteries do
convey blood from the heart to tissues and organs
what do the pulmonary arteries do
leave the right ventricle to bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what does the aorta do
leaves the left ventricle to bring oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
what do veins do
convey blood from the tissues and organs to the heart
what are the 2 vena cava options
cranial or superior
caudal or inferior
what do the vena cava do
bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium
what does the pulmonary vein do
brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium
where do arteries branch off
aorta
pulmonary arteries
why must arteries be elastic
receive tremendous pressure from ventricle contractions - absorb pressure
what do arteries conduct
vessels for blood
what do small arteries do
deliver blood locally to arterioles and capillaries in tissues
what do small arteries control
the pressure via tone of vessel’s smooth muscle
what are capillaries the site of
gas exchange
nutrient etc
why must arteries be so elastic
as more branches occur, blood pressure decreases - therefore arteries have much higher pressure
what do venues do
collect blood from capillaries
what do veins do
receive blood from venues and return it to heart
what might alter the venous return
change in tone
what is the heart/lungs loop to oxygenated blood
pulmonary system
characteristics of pulmonary system
relatively low blood pressure
low resistance
highly distensible
what is responsible for the distribution of oxygenated blood and nutrient throughout body
systemic system
characteristics of systemic system
high pressure, high resistance
which ventricle performs more work and by how much
left ventricle by 5-7 fold - wall much thicker
cardiac output
blood pumped by each half of the heart per minute
what does the cardiac output depend on
needs/functions of various organs
what is the cardiac cycle
repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart
what is the systole phase
phase of contraction
what is the diastole phase
phase of relaxation/filling
does the heart contract all at once
no - 2 step pumping
