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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 2 - Hypothalamus - Pituitary Axis (Integration of Hormone Axis) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Hypothalamus - Pituitary Axis (Integration of Hormone Axis) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

the major integration center

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2
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate

A

autonomic nervous system
most of endocrine system
processes most sensory info

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3
Q

what is the pituitary

A

a small gland attached to the hypothalamus

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4
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pituitary

A

posterior
intermediate
anterior

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5
Q

what consists of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

neurons from hypothalamus

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6
Q

what consists of the anterior lobe of the pituitary

A

major endocrine part (glandular tissue)

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7
Q

what does the intermediate lobe of the pituitary do

A

major function in amphibians and fish (MSH)

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8
Q

what are the anterior lobe and intermediate often considered

A

anterior pituitary

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9
Q

what is the hypothalamus composed of

A

neuroendocrine cells

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10
Q

what do some neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus do

A

some project axons down the posterior pituitary lobe
some release factors into the pituitary stalk portal venous system to feed anterior pituitary

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11
Q

where do endocrine cells from the anterior and intermediate pituitary release their hormones

A

in a second capillary network to enter systemic circulation

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12
Q

what system is very important

A

the portal vascular system because not a lot of neurons in hypothalamus

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13
Q

what is the role of the intermediate pituitary in mammals

A

it is unclear, possibly a source of B-endorphins

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14
Q

what does the intermediate pituitary produce

A

MSH
B-LPH

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15
Q

what is MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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16
Q

what does MSH do

A

increases skin pigment

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17
Q

what is B-LPH

A

B-lipotropin

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18
Q

what happensn to B-lipotropin

A

it is degraded to B-endorphin

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19
Q

what is B-endorphin

A

an analgesia during stress (fight or flight)

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20
Q

what are all hormone in intermediate pituitary derived from

A

the common gene POMC

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21
Q

what is the most important regulator of extracellular fluid

A

the antidiuretic hormone

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22
Q

what does anti-diuretic hormone do

A

regulates the density of aquaporins in the distal tubule and connecting duct

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23
Q

where does anti-diuretic hormone act

A

in kidneys

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24
Q

what does ADH increase

A

reabsorption of water

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25
Q

how is ADH regulated

A

primarily by hypothalamic osmoreceptors and stretch receptors in blood vessels

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26
Q

where does oxytocin primarily act on

A

uterus smooth muscle
mammary gland

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27
Q

what happens when oxytocin acts on uterus smooth muscle

A

contraction during parturition

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28
Q

what happens when oxytocin acts on mammary gland

A

contraction increases pressure to drive milk towards excretory ducts and the teats

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29
Q

what is the milk ejection reflex

A

the increase in pressure to drive milk towards ducts due to oxytocin action

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30
Q

what is the receptor for oxytocin

A

G-coupled receptor with activation of PLC (Ca pathway)

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31
Q

what is the secretion of oxytocin regulated by

A

several reflexes

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32
Q

when might oxytocin be supplemented in dairy cattle

A

in first lactation - stimulates milk section or uterus cell contraction

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33
Q

what is the master gland

A

anterior pituitary

34
Q

what does the endocrine part of the anterior pituitary contain

A

5 different cell types producing 6 different hormones

35
Q

what are proteins/glycoproteins with longer half-lives than their releasing hormones

A

thyrotrope
gonadotrope
corticotrope
somatotrope
mammotrope

36
Q

what is the releasing hormone of thyrotrope

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

37
Q

what is the releasing hormone for gonadotrope

A

LH and FSH (gonadotropins)

38
Q

what is the releasing hormone for corticotrope

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)

39
Q

what is the releasing hormone for somatotrope

A

GH (growth hormone)(somatotropin)

40
Q

what is the releasing hormone for mammotrope (lactotrope)

A

PRL (prolactin)

41
Q

what are the tropic effects of anterior pituitary

A

regulate other endocrine glands

42
Q

what is the anterior pituitary under the control of

A

under direct control (positive and/or negative) from hypothalamus

43
Q

what is the receptor for GH

A

cytokine receptor types

44
Q

what are the direct effects of GH (catabolic - break)

A

stimulates lipolysis
reduces lipogenesis in adipose tissue

45
Q

what are the direct effects of GH (anabolic - build)

A

promotes synthesis of protein

46
Q

what do the direct effects of GH mainly focus on

A

metabolic control - happens regardless of age

47
Q

what are the indirect effects of GH

A

stimulates chondrocyte (cartilage cells) proliferation to increase bone growth
stimulates satellite cells in muscle (muscle fibre growth)
stimulate aa uptake protein synthesis

48
Q

how do the indirect effects of GH occur

A

by stimulating synthesis of IGF1 (somatomedin) and its binding proteins in the liver

49
Q

where does TSH bind

A

to its G-coupled receptor on membrane of follicular cells in thyroid gland

50
Q

what does TSH stimulate

A

cAMP which in turn stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones

51
Q

what is the ACTH receptor

A

a G-coupled receptor stimulating the cAMP pathway

52
Q

what does ACTH target

A

adrenal cortex

53
Q

what does ACTH stimulate

A

the mobilization of cholesterol in adrenal cortex = more substrate for cytochrome P-450 which increases the release of corticosteroids

54
Q

what is are the 2 G-protein coupled receptor of the cAMP pathway

A

LH and FSH

55
Q

what does LH stimulate in males

A

testosterone production by Leydig cells in the testis

56
Q

what does LH control in females

A

sex steroid production by the ovary and is responsible for ovulation (surge)

57
Q

what does FSH stimulate in males

A

secretion of inhibition by Sertoli cells

58
Q

what does FSH stimulate in females

A

development of follicles and secretion of sex steroid

59
Q

what type of receptor is PRL

A

cytokine receptor tupe

60
Q

what does PRL stimulate

A

the synthesis of milk proteins (casein, lactalbumin)

61
Q

what is PRL responsible for in poultry

A

the initiation and maintenance of incubation behaviour (brooding)

62
Q

how are neurohormones released from hypothalamus

A

in small amounts - bypass general circulation

63
Q

what do hypothalamic neurons receive info from

A

higher brain center (emotions)
exterior (environmental and social stimuli)
internal rhythms
metabolic state (temp, energy level, osmolarity)
endogenous hormones by feedback

64
Q

what hormones are needed early in life

A

hormones needed under tonic inhibition (GH, MSH, PRL)

65
Q

what happens to hormones needed under tonic inhibition as the hypothalamus matures

A

secretion decreases

66
Q

in mammals, where is PRL mainly

A

under dopaminergic tonic inhibition

67
Q

in birds, where is PRL mainly

A

under VIP stimulation

68
Q

what does each anterior pituitary hormone have

A

a corresponding hypothalamic releasing hormone and/or a corresponding hypothalamic inhibitory factor

69
Q

what are hypothalamic factors

A

relatively small peptides - generally fragments from pro protein of larger size

70
Q

where are releasing hormone precursors made

A

in cell bodies

71
Q

where are releasing hormone precursors transported

A

down axons to nerve endings for storage

72
Q

what is a characteristic that many hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary have

A

they are pulsatile or episodic

73
Q

what are pulsatile hormones regulated by

A

the biological clock of hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus

74
Q

what might pulsatile hormones prevent

A

may prevent the down regulation of receptors from continuous level of hormone secretion

75
Q

what can pulsatile hormones trigger

A

specific action depending on pulse frequency

76
Q

what does feedback control monitor

A

amount of hormones that have been released after stimulation

77
Q

what do circulating hormones from endocrine glands provide

A

negative feedback both to the hypothalamus and pituitary

78
Q

what does feedback serve the regulate

A

the secretion of hormones

79
Q

what are the 2 major feedback loops

A

short
long

80
Q

what is the short feedback loop

A

pituitary hormones feed back to hypothalamus

81
Q

what is the long feedback loop

A

hormones from target glands feed back to the pituitary and hypothalamus

82
Q

what does negative feedback prevent

A

overstimulation

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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