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ANSC 3080 > Exam - Endocrine Regulation of Repro > Flashcards

Exam - Endocrine Regulation of Repro Flashcards

1
Q

how many major types of GNRH

A

3 (1 in mammals)

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2
Q

what are present in all vertebrates

A

decapeptides

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3
Q

how is GnRH released

A

in a pulsatile manner in the median eminence

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4
Q

how does GnRH travel

A

via portal blood system to the anterior pituitary

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5
Q

what happens in the hypothalamus with GnRH

A

GnRH neurons receive info about internal and external status

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6
Q

what are GnRH receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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7
Q

how many GnRH receptors do most species possess

A

at least 2

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8
Q

what are the speculated exceptions for species that possess amount ofGnRH receptors

A

primates
rodents

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9
Q

what can GnRH stimulate upon binding to receptors

A

both Gaq and Gas

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10
Q

what happens in the pituitary when GnRH binds to receptor

A

leads to the synthesis and release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

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11
Q

where else are GnRH receptors present

A

ovary
prostate
placenta

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12
Q

what are glycoprotein hormones composed of

A

2 subunits:
common alpha
specific beta

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13
Q

what are the 2 specific hormone subunits in glycoprotein hormones

A

LHB
FSHB

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14
Q

what are LH and FSH produced by in most mammals

A

the same pituitary cells (gonadotropes)

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15
Q

what are LH and FSH produced by in avian

A

different cell types

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16
Q

what is differential regulation of LH and FSH based on

A

GnRH pulse frequency

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17
Q

what is the limiting factor of LH and FSH

A

B SU

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18
Q

what level is LH and FSH control

A

gene transcription level

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19
Q

how are LH and FSH sotred

A

stored in vesicles until signal (GnRH) is received, then they are secreted

20
Q

what does the LH receptor activate

A

Gas - increases in cAMP

21
Q

what does the LH receptor bind

A

both LH and hCG

22
Q

what is hCG

A

placental source of gonadotropin

23
Q

what is the FSH receptor

A

also a G-protein coupled receptor signalling via Gas

24
Q

what are inhibin and activin

A

glycoproteins composed of 2 subunits

25
Q

what is inhibin produced by

A

Sertoli cells in males
granulosa cells in females

26
Q

what does inhibin inhibit

A

FSH

27
Q

what does activin stimulate

A

FSH`

28
Q

what do inhibin and activin mainly act in conjunction with

A

GnRH

29
Q

what are gonadal (sex) steroids derived from

A

stepwise conversion of cholesterol - lipophilic with nuclear (intracellular) receptor

30
Q

what does the type of gonadal steroid depend on

A

the presence of specific enzyme substrate in the cell

31
Q

what type of steroid is estradiol-17B

A

potent

32
Q

what are sex steroid receptors

A

NHR - effect on gene expression

33
Q

what has recently been discovered about sex steroid receptors

A

non-genomic rapid effects discovered

34
Q

why do steroids have multiple target organs

A

steroids diffuse in virtually any cell of the body and receptors are widely distributed

35
Q

what receptor does testosterone use

A

the androgen receptor

36
Q

what are the 2 receptor types that estrogens have

A

ERa
ERB

37
Q

what do receptors require

A

coactivators/regulatory molecule to mediate their actions on target gene promoters

38
Q

what is the main difference between ERa and ERB

A

location/presence (cell type)
Era stimulates transcription
ERB inhibits transcription

39
Q

what does the effect of drugs depend on

A

ability to bind and activate ERa or ERB

40
Q

what is the key link

A

kisspeptin

41
Q

when was kisspeptin discovered

A

early 1999/2000

42
Q

what was kisspeptin originally cloned as

A

an anti-metastasis agent

43
Q

what is kisspeptin’s receptor

A

GPR54

44
Q

where has kisspeptin’s receptor been localized

A

in the hypothalamus on GnRH neurons

45
Q

what has happened with kisspeptins over the last 25 years

A

kisspeptins have been studied in their role in regulating puberty and modulating the negative feedback of steroid in males and females

46
Q

what is the missing link

A

GnRH neurons do not express ERs but kisspeptin neurons do

ANSC 3080 (41 decks)

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