Midterm 2 - Endocrine Major Glands and Hormones

Question 1

what does endocrine refers to

Answer 1

a hormone that is produced and secreted within the body

Question 2

what is the opposite of endocrine

Answer 2

exocrine

Question 3

what is exocrine

Answer 3

something secreted outside of body

Question 4

examples of exocrine

Answer 4

mammary glands
lumen of digestive tract

Question 5

where does endocrine act

Answer 5

a distance from the release site

Question 6

what a does paracrine act on

Answer 6

nearby cells

Question 7

what does autocrine act on

Answer 7

its own secreting cell

Question 8

what is neuroendocrine

Answer 8

synthesized by nervous tissue and carried in the blood

Question 9

what is a gland

Answer 9

a cluster of cells organized for synthesis/release of compound

Question 10

what are the 2 general types of glands

Answer 10

endocrine
exocrine

Question 11

what are hormones

Answer 11

regulatory chemicals produced in an endocrine gland or scattered cells, secreted into the blood and carried to its target cell that responds by altering its metabolism

Question 12

what are hormones involved in maintaining

Answer 12

homeostasis

Question 13

what are hormones subjected to

Answer 13

tight regulation by feedback from target organs

Question 14

what differs based on hormone structure

Answer 14

regulation of hormone synthesis and mode of action

Question 15

what is feedback control

Answer 15

cyclic systems (loops) that control the amount of hormones released

Question 16

what are steroid hormones

Answer 16

stepwise conversion of cholesterol by multiple enzymes

Question 17

what is important about a steroid hormone’s structure

Answer 17

it is lipid soluble

Question 18

what does a steroid hormone’s lipid solubility allow

Answer 18

leaving production cells and entering target organ by diffusion through the membrane

Question 19

what are peptides, proteins and glycoproteins

Answer 19

chains of amino acids

Question 20

for peptides, proteins and glycoproteins, what determines the primary structure and nature

Answer 20

the amino acid sequence

Question 21

what hormones are generally amino acid derivatives

Answer 21

thyroid hormones
catecholamines

Question 22

what are amino acid derivative hormones generally derived from

Answer 22

tyrosine and tryptophan

Question 23

what are fatty acid derivatives or eicosanoids usually

Answer 23

prostaglandins

Question 24

what are fatty acid derivatives derived from

Answer 24

cell membrane phospholipids (arachidonic acid)

Question 25

what are characteristics of fatty acid derivatives

Answer 25

produced locally
have mainly autocrine, paracrine effects

Question 26

where is the pineal gland

Answer 26

on the roof of the 3rd ventricle, encapsulated by meninges

Question 27

what does the pineal gland secrete

Answer 27

melatonin

Question 28

what is the pineal gland under indirect influence of

Answer 28

the hypothalamic circadian center

Question 29

what does the pineal gland play a major role in

Answer 29

sleep patterns and recognition of seasons

Question 30

when is melatonin secretion stimulated in pineal gland

Answer 30

dark phases

Question 31

how is the GI tract involved in hormones

Answer 31

the stomach wall secretes gastrin == local stimulation of acid secretion

Question 32

hormones in the small intestine

Answer 32

secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibitory peptide

Question 33

what does secretin do

Answer 33

stimulates the pancreas

Question 34

what does cholecystokinin do

Answer 34

stimulates pancreas and gall bladder

Question 35

what does gastric inhibitory peptide do

Answer 35

inhibits stomach activity

Question 36

what are 2 hormones from kidneys

Answer 36

renin
erythropoietin

Question 37

what does renin do

Answer 37

increases aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex

Question 38

what does erythropoietin do

Answer 38

increases production of red blood cells in bone marrow

Question 39

what is found in adipose tissue

Answer 39

adipocytes

Question 40

what do adipocytes do

Answer 40

release leptins and other adipokines

Question 41

where can leptin receptors be found

Answer 41

in hypothalamus

Question 42

what does leptin do

Answer 42

gives info about energy storage status
regulates appetite