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ANSC 3080 > Exam - Kidney Structure/Function > Flashcards

Exam - Kidney Structure/Function Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

what is the urinary system the primary regulator of

A

fluid volume and ion concentration

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2
Q

what must remain constant

A

composition and volume of body fluids

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3
Q

why must body fluids remain constant

A

stabilize osmolality
secrete excesses/Retain (reabsorb) when source is scarce

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4
Q

what is selective excretion

A

important products are retained and waste is removed

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5
Q

what are important products that are retained during selective excretion

A

glucose
amino acids
proteins

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6
Q

what does selective excretion excrete

A

foreign susbtances
body organic wastes:
- urea, bile

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7
Q

what is urea from

A

metabolism of protein

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8
Q

what is bile from

A

degradation of hemoglobin

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9
Q

what do the kidneys contribute to

A

the acid balance by removing H+ and bicarbonate

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10
Q

what do the kidneys produce

A

glucose by gluconeogenesis
erythropoietin
calcitriol
renin

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11
Q

what does erythropoietin do

A

stimulates the formation of erythrocytes

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12
Q

what is calcitriol

A

active form of Vit D

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13
Q

what is renin

A

an enzyme that regulates the formation of angiotensin II - regulates bp and aldosterone

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14
Q

where are kidneys located

A

upper abdominal wall

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15
Q

where do arteries, veins and ureters enter the kidney

A

through the renal hilus

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16
Q

what is the kidney composed of

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

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17
Q

what are the basic urine forming units

A

nephrons

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18
Q

what does the glomerulus do

A

filters blood

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19
Q

what does the tubular system do

A

reabsorption of filtered substances
secretion of others

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20
Q

what is the nephron blood supply composed of

A

3 capillary beds

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21
Q

what are the 3 capillary beds

A

glomerular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta (capillaries of the medulla)

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22
Q

where is the glomerulus confined

A

in cortex

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23
Q

what is the glomerulus enclosed in

A

the Bowmans capsule

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24
Q

what makes the proximal tubules in the glomerulus

A

protein free fluid is filtered and accumulated in the Bow,ans space and then enters the first part of the tubule

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25
what is the glomerulus composed of
many parallel capillaries
26
where does the blood enter the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
27
do the capillaries of the glomerulus connect with venues
no
28
what do the glomerulus capillaries connect with
efferent arteriole that will feed the peritubular capillaries
29
what are the walls of the tubular system made of
single layer of epithelial cells
30
what do the structure function of the epithelial cells of tubular system define
the 4 major components of the tubular system
31
what are the 4 majors components of the tubular system
proximal tubule loop of henle distal tubule collecting duct
32
proximal tubule
highly convoluted in the cortex
33
loop of Henle
hairpin structure in the medulla composed of the descending thin limb, the ascending thin limb, and the thick ascending limb
34
distal tubule
highly convoluted in the cortex
35
collecting ducts
receive distal tubules from multiple nephrons, small ducts merge into large ducts and bring urine to the renal pelvis
36
how does the initial part of the distal tubule pass between afferent and efferent arteriole of its own glomerulus
using epithelial cells called macula densa
37
what is the juxtaglomerular
adjacent smooth muscle cells that produce and secrete renin
38
the 3 basic renal processes
glomerular filration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
39
glomerular filtration
filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space
40
tubular reabsorption
movement of substance from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries
41
tubular secretion
movement of substance from peritubular plasma to tubular lumen
42
what is the glomerulus's complex network of capillaries and specialized structure designed to do
retain cells and medium- and high-molecular weight proteins
43
what is an important index of renal function
glomerular filtration rate (GRF)
44
what are the 3 layers of the gl0merular membrane
capillary endothelium basal lamina inner epithelial layer of Bowmans capsule
45
what is the capillary endothelum
fenestrated on about 10% of their surface--> blocks cells, not blood constituents
46
what is the basal lamina
ash of protein fibers --> blocks most of the plasma proteinsw
47
what is the inner epithelial layer of Bowmans capsule
composed of podocytes --> last level of filtration between the fingers
48
what do the 3 layers of the glomerular membrane function as
collectively as a fine sieve
49
what is the best size selection against proteins
basal lamina... it is negatively charged therefore repulses proteins
50
what governs filtration pressure
forces across glomerular capillary wall - same as in capillaries
51
GRF
differences in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
52
what is filtration facilitated by
higher hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries - remains fairly constant
53
what is filtration reduced by
hydrostatic pressure in Bowmans space (usually low) plasma oncotic pressure within glomerular capillary
54
what is hydrostatic pressrue
fairly constant
55
where is the rate of filtration higher
int he first part of the capillary where osmotic pressure is lower
56
what happens to the rate further along
it decreases while the osmotic pressure increases due to proteins stuck in the blood compartment
57
what are other primary determinants of GFR
permeability of the filtration barrier and the surface area available for filtration
58
what maintains a tight control over GFR
kidneys
59
what cannot be regulated
hydrostatic pressure in glomerular space and oncotic pressure
60
what is the only regulated blood flow
blood flow in the glomerular capillaries (hydrostatic pressure)
61
what does the blood flow in the glomerular capillaries depend on
2 arterioles: afferent - enters the glomerulus efferent = exists the glomerulus
62
what will determine the local hystorstatic pressure in these capillaries
affecting the constriction levels of these arteriole
63
what are the 2 levels of control that Will affect the blood hydrostatic pressure
renal modulation of systemic blood pressure and volume (EXTRINSIC) control of renal blood flow, glomerular capillary pressure, and ultra-filtration coefficient (INTRINSIC)
64
what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone involved in
long standing falls in bp, or when decreased bp is accompanied by decreased extracellular fluid volume
65
how does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone release renin from juxtaglomerular cells
reduced stretch of the renin cells in the renal afferent arterioles (baroreceptors) sympathetic nerve impulses
66
what do the sympathetic nerve impulses do
arteriole bararecptors respond to fall in BP by "unbarring" sympathetic nerve activity in kidney
67
what is the effect of renin secretion
increase in angiotensin II, locally and in plasma
68
what is angiotensin II
a potent vasoconstrictor
69
what does angiotensin II act to do
increase systemic BP and renal perfusion pressure stimulates release of aldosterone and vasopressin
70
what does aldosterone do
enhance sodium/water reabsorption
71
what does vasopressin do
enhances urea and water reabsorpotion
72
how does renin release get turned off
augmented fluid uptake increases intravascular volume ---> improves renal perfusion --> turns off renin release
73
what level does intrinsic auto regulation act at
the level of the kidney
74
what does intrinsic auto regulation prevent
short term changes in arterial blood pressure to affect the GFR
75
how does intrinsic auto regulation act
through feedback mechanisms that allow the kidney to vary the resistance of the afferent arterioles
76
how do smooth muscle cells react to the stretch in intrinsic autoregulation
by contracting
77
what do cells in the macula dense (distal tubule) do during intrinsic autoregulation
secrete unidentified facto that stimulates smooth muscle contraction
78
what does auto regulation affect
varying effects in local arterial blood pressure on: perfusion of kidney GFR Urine formation
79
between 80mmHg and 200mmHG -
small effect on perfusion and GFR... small changes have great effect on urine volume

ANSC 3080 (41 decks)

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