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ANSC 3080 > Exam - Kidney Structure/Function > Flashcards

Exam - Kidney Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary system the primary regulator of

A

fluid volume and ion concentration

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2
Q

what must remain constant

A

composition and volume of body fluids

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3
Q

why must body fluids remain constant

A

stabilize osmolality
secrete excesses/Retain (reabsorb) when source is scarce

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4
Q

what is selective excretion

A

important products are retained and waste is removed

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5
Q

what are important products that are retained during selective excretion

A

glucose
amino acids
proteins

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6
Q

what does selective excretion excrete

A

foreign susbtances
body organic wastes:
- urea, bile

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7
Q

what is urea from

A

metabolism of protein

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8
Q

what is bile from

A

degradation of hemoglobin

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9
Q

what do the kidneys contribute to

A

the acid balance by removing H+ and bicarbonate

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10
Q

what do the kidneys produce

A

glucose by gluconeogenesis
erythropoietin
calcitriol
renin

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11
Q

what does erythropoietin do

A

stimulates the formation of erythrocytes

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12
Q

what is calcitriol

A

active form of Vit D

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13
Q

what is renin

A

an enzyme that regulates the formation of angiotensin II - regulates bp and aldosterone

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14
Q

where are kidneys located

A

upper abdominal wall

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15
Q

where do arteries, veins and ureters enter the kidney

A

through the renal hilus

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16
Q

what is the kidney composed of

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

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17
Q

what are the basic urine forming units

A

nephrons

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18
Q

what does the glomerulus do

A

filters blood

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19
Q

what does the tubular system do

A

reabsorption of filtered substances
secretion of others

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20
Q

what is the nephron blood supply composed of

A

3 capillary beds

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21
Q

what are the 3 capillary beds

A

glomerular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta (capillaries of the medulla)

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22
Q

where is the glomerulus confined

A

in cortex

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23
Q

what is the glomerulus enclosed in

A

the Bowmans capsule

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24
Q

what makes the proximal tubules in the glomerulus

A

protein free fluid is filtered and accumulated in the Bow,ans space and then enters the first part of the tubule

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25
Q

what is the glomerulus composed of

A

many parallel capillaries

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26
Q

where does the blood enter the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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27
Q

do the capillaries of the glomerulus connect with venues

A

no

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28
Q

what do the glomerulus capillaries connect with

A

efferent arteriole that will feed the peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

what are the walls of the tubular system made of

A

single layer of epithelial cells

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30
Q

what do the structure function of the epithelial cells of tubular system define

A

the 4 major components of the tubular system

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31
Q

what are the 4 majors components of the tubular system

A

proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct

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32
Q

proximal tubule

A

highly convoluted in the cortex

33
Q

loop of Henle

A

hairpin structure in the medulla composed of the descending thin limb, the ascending thin limb, and the thick ascending limb

34
Q

distal tubule

A

highly convoluted in the cortex

35
Q

collecting ducts

A

receive distal tubules from multiple nephrons, small ducts merge into large ducts and bring urine to the renal pelvis

36
Q

how does the initial part of the distal tubule pass between afferent and efferent arteriole of its own glomerulus

A

using epithelial cells called macula densa

37
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular

A

adjacent smooth muscle cells that produce and secrete renin

38
Q

the 3 basic renal processes

A

glomerular filration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

39
Q

glomerular filtration

A

filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space

40
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of substance from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries

41
Q

tubular secretion

A

movement of substance from peritubular plasma to tubular lumen

42
Q

what is the glomerulus’s complex network of capillaries and specialized structure designed to do

A

retain cells and medium- and high-molecular weight proteins

43
Q

what is an important index of renal function

A

glomerular filtration rate (GRF)

44
Q

what are the 3 layers of the gl0merular membrane

A

capillary endothelium
basal lamina
inner epithelial layer of Bowmans capsule

45
Q

what is the capillary endothelum

A

fenestrated on about 10% of their surface–> blocks cells, not blood constituents

46
Q

what is the basal lamina

A

ash of protein fibers –> blocks most of the plasma proteinsw

47
Q

what is the inner epithelial layer of Bowmans capsule

A

composed of podocytes –> last level of filtration between the fingers

48
Q

what do the 3 layers of the glomerular membrane function as

A

collectively as a fine sieve

49
Q

what is the best size selection against proteins

A

basal lamina… it is negatively charged therefore repulses proteins

50
Q

what governs filtration pressure

A

forces across glomerular capillary wall - same as in capillaries

51
Q

GRF

A

differences in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures

52
Q

what is filtration facilitated by

A

higher hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries - remains fairly constant

53
Q

what is filtration reduced by

A

hydrostatic pressure in Bowmans space (usually low)
plasma oncotic pressure within glomerular capillary

54
Q

what is hydrostatic pressrue

A

fairly constant

55
Q

where is the rate of filtration higher

A

int he first part of the capillary where osmotic pressure is lower

56
Q

what happens to the rate further along

A

it decreases while the osmotic pressure increases due to proteins stuck in the blood compartment

57
Q

what are other primary determinants of GFR

A

permeability of the filtration barrier and the surface area available for filtration

58
Q

what maintains a tight control over GFR

A

kidneys

59
Q

what cannot be regulated

A

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular space and oncotic pressure

60
Q

what is the only regulated blood flow

A

blood flow in the glomerular capillaries (hydrostatic pressure)

61
Q

what does the blood flow in the glomerular capillaries depend on

A

2 arterioles:
afferent - enters the glomerulus
efferent = exists the glomerulus

62
Q

what will determine the local hystorstatic pressure in these capillaries

A

affecting the constriction levels of these arteriole

63
Q

what are the 2 levels of control that Will affect the blood hydrostatic pressure

A

renal modulation of systemic blood pressure and volume (EXTRINSIC)
control of renal blood flow, glomerular capillary pressure, and ultra-filtration coefficient (INTRINSIC)

64
Q

what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone involved in

A

long standing falls in bp, or when decreased bp is accompanied by decreased extracellular fluid volume

65
Q

how does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone release renin from juxtaglomerular cells

A

reduced stretch of the renin cells in the renal afferent arterioles (baroreceptors)
sympathetic nerve impulses

66
Q

what do the sympathetic nerve impulses do

A

arteriole bararecptors respond to fall in BP by “unbarring” sympathetic nerve activity in kidney

67
Q

what is the effect of renin secretion

A

increase in angiotensin II, locally and in plasma

68
Q

what is angiotensin II

A

a potent vasoconstrictor

69
Q

what does angiotensin II act to do

A

increase systemic BP and renal perfusion pressure
stimulates release of aldosterone and vasopressin

70
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

enhance sodium/water reabsorption

71
Q

what does vasopressin do

A

enhances urea and water reabsorpotion

72
Q

how does renin release get turned off

A

augmented fluid uptake increases intravascular volume —> improves renal perfusion –> turns off renin release

73
Q

what level does intrinsic auto regulation act at

A

the level of the kidney

74
Q

what does intrinsic auto regulation prevent

A

short term changes in arterial blood pressure to affect the GFR

75
Q

how does intrinsic auto regulation act

A

through feedback mechanisms that allow the kidney to vary the resistance of the afferent arterioles

76
Q

how do smooth muscle cells react to the stretch in intrinsic autoregulation

A

by contracting

77
Q

what do cells in the macula dense (distal tubule) do during intrinsic autoregulation

A

secrete unidentified facto that stimulates smooth muscle contraction

78
Q

what does auto regulation affect

A

varying effects in local arterial blood pressure on:
perfusion of kidney
GFR
Urine formation

79
Q

between 80mmHg and 200mmHG -

A

small effect on perfusion and GFR… small changes have great effect on urine volume

ANSC 3080 (41 decks)

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