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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 1 - Nerve Cell Function/Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Nerve Cell Function/Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

what does the sensory system consist of

A

sensory nerve fibers from sensory cells

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2
Q

what kind of system is the sensory system

A

afferent

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3
Q

where is info generated

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

info conveyors

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6
Q

what is the somatic motor sytem

A

specialized system that focuses on skeletal muscle

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7
Q

what does the somatic motor system consist of

A

motor nerve fibers to skeletal muscles

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8
Q

what kind of system is the somatic motor system

A

efferent

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9
Q

what two systems are a part of the autonomic system

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

what does the autonomic system consist of

A

motor nerve fibers to glands, the heart, and smooth musculature

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11
Q

when is the sympathetic nervous system activated

A

during critical situations

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12
Q

when is the parasympathetic nervous system activated

A

at rest

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13
Q

what type of system is the autonomic system

A

efferent

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of cells that compose nervous tissue

A

neurons
glial cells

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15
Q

what are the nerve cells able to transmit info

A

neurons

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16
Q

what are neutrons composed of

A

cell body and processes (axons and dendrites)

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17
Q

what does the axon do

A

move info away from cell body

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18
Q

what does the dendrite do

A

moves info towards cell body

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19
Q

what does the cell body do

A

integrates in- and outgoing info

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20
Q

what can neurons be categorized based on

A

the number of processes

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21
Q

what are the 3 categories

A

multipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar

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22
Q

where are multipolar neurons mainly found

A

CNS

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23
Q

where are pseudounipolar neurons mainly found

A

PNS

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24
Q

where are bipolar neurons mainly found

A

sensory organs

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25
Q

what can neurons be classified by

A

function

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26
Q

what type of neuron is from PNS to CNS

A

sensory (afferent)

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27
Q

what type of neuron is from CNS to muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent)

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28
Q

what type of neuron relay info between neurons within the CNS

A

interneurons (associations)

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29
Q

what are specialized “receptors”

A

transducers

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30
Q

what do transducers do

A

convert stimuli to signal

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31
Q

what are glial cells

A

non-neuronal cells

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32
Q

are neurons or glial cells more abundant and by how much

A

glial cells - 10x more abundant

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33
Q

examples of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia

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34
Q

why do we need glial cells

A

there is no structural support or access to blood without them

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35
Q

what do glial cells provide

A

structural support to nervous tissue

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36
Q

what do glial cells participate in

A

myelin formation

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37
Q

what type of glial cells participate in myelin formation

A

oligodendrocytes

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38
Q

what do glial cells secrete

A

glutamate

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39
Q

what does the secreted glutamate do

A

modulate excitatory level of neurons

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40
Q

what type of glial cell modulates excitatory levels of neurons

A

astrocytes

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41
Q

what to microglia possess

A

phagocytic activity

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42
Q

what is special about glial cells

A

they contact both blood and neurons

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43
Q

what do glial cells do due to it being the contact between neurons and blood

A

transport of nutrients

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44
Q

what do neurons not store

A

glucose
oxygen

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45
Q

what does grey matter correspond to

A

cell bodies

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46
Q

what does white matter correspond to

A

bundles of nueron processes

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47
Q

what gives white matter the white appearance

A

myelin sheaths

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48
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of axons

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49
Q

where do nerves run

A

to or from the CNS

50
Q

what are ganglia

A

clusters cell bodies of sensory neurons - outside of the CNS

51
Q

where are cell bodies of motor nerves located

A

in the CNS

52
Q

what is myelin

A

white lipid around nerve fibers

53
Q

what is the white lipid of myelin called

A

sphingomyelin

54
Q

do all fibers have myelin

A

no, only white matter

55
Q

what are the interruptions in myelin called

A

nodes of Ranvier

56
Q

what is the distance between nodes of Ranvier

A

every 1-2 mm

57
Q

what does every cell body possess

A

resting membrane potential

58
Q

what does the resting membrane potential result from

A

a difference in charge across the cell membrane (between cytosol and extracellular fluid)

59
Q

what is the charge difference in resting membrane potential

A

the inside of the membrane is negative RELATIVE to outside

60
Q

what does the difference in absolute value between cell types depend on

A

amount of charges
ion channels
thickness of membrane

61
Q

what is the average RMP in nerve cells

A

-70 to -90 mV

62
Q

is resting membrane potential maintained

A

always

63
Q

where is the charge electro neutral

A

intra- and extracellular compartments

64
Q

what charges occur in cytosol

A

negative charges carried by large organic molecules are attracted to the membrane by the positive charges on the outside

65
Q

what maintains the resting membrane potential

A

selective permeability
Na+/K+ pump
Large anions trapped on inner surface of membrane

66
Q

what is the ratio of Na+ and K+ to maintain RMP

A

3 Na+ out
2 K+ in

67
Q

what is the selective permeability to maintain RMP

A

passive based on diffusion - passive ion leakage through channels (concentration gradient)

68
Q

are anions of negative or positive charge

A

negative

69
Q

why does the RMP not achieve equilibrium

A

the Na+ / K+ pump

70
Q

is the resting membrane permeable to K+

A

yes

71
Q

is the resting membrane permeable to Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+

A

barely - positive charges accumulate outside

72
Q

what does Na+ go against

A

concentration gradient and against membrane polarity

73
Q

how much energy do ion pumps require

A

lots: 40% of ATP availability

74
Q

what are excitable cells

A

cells that can generate electrical impulses (APs)

75
Q

what do excitable cells need in order to generate action potential

A

stimulation

76
Q

what is the refractory period

A

the time when neurons cannot be restimulated - until RMP is restored

77
Q

types of gated channels

A

voltage-gated
ligand-gated
ion-gated

78
Q

what are ligand gated channels

A

binding cites for neurotransmitters

79
Q

what is each channel composed of

A

several subunits

80
Q

what does each channel have various degrees of

A

specificity

81
Q

what rule do nerve cells follow

A

all-or-none rule

82
Q

what does the all-or-none rule involve

A

when threshold is met, an AP is generated

83
Q

does the amplitude of AP change per cells

A

no, it is fixed for that cell

84
Q

what is intensity of a AP encoded by

A

the frequency of APs, not the amplitude

85
Q

how does an AP work

A

depolarization and repolarization processes propagate along cell membrane

86
Q

why is the change in potential needed

A

to reach threshold on the nearby micro domain to trigger opening of gated channels

87
Q

what is the difference between APs in myelinated or unmyelinated axons

A

myelinated - only occurs at the nodes of Ranvier

88
Q

are myelinated or unmyelinated fibers faster at transmitting connection

A

myelinated

89
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

the current jumping from one node to another due to myelin preventing ion leakage

90
Q

what makes the speed of connection so much faster in myelinated axon

A

velocity increases as less membrane is affected = less energy required to transport ions

91
Q

what does nerve velocity (AP speed) depend on

A

dissipation of current

92
Q

factors that effect dissipation of current

A

thickness of myelin
diameter of the fiber

93
Q

what diameter of the fiber leads to faster AP

A

thicker = faster

94
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

continuity of signal between neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

95
Q

example of target cells involved in synaptic transmission

A

skeletal muscle (neuromuscular synapse)

96
Q

what is the electric insulator

A

cell membrane made of phospholipids

97
Q

what is the synaptic gap/cleft

A

the gap between pre and post synaptic cell membranes

98
Q

gap junction

A

rarely, direct continuity in electric impulse

99
Q

what are neuronal synapses in vertebrates

A

predominantly chemical synapses

100
Q

what does electrical activity to get across synaptic cleft

A

neurotransmitter

101
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

molecules able to transmit info from a neuron

102
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

convert electrical signal (AP) into a chemical signal

103
Q

what are neurotransmitters classified on

A

their molecular size and composition

104
Q

2 classifications of neurotransmitters

A

small molecules
neuropeptides (3-40 AA)

105
Q

where are small molecule neurotransmitters synthesized

A

nerve terminals by specific enzymes at level of cell body

106
Q

what are small molecule neurotransmitters

A

amino acid derivatives ; biogenic amines

107
Q

where are neuropeptides synthesized

A

cell body

108
Q

where are neuropeptides packaged

A

secretory vesicles

109
Q

where are neuropeptides transported

A

site of release

110
Q

where is postsynaptic folding common

A

in neuromuscular synapse

111
Q

where is postsynaptic folding not common

A

in interneurons

112
Q

what does postsynaptic folding do

A

increases surface

113
Q

what is the neuromuscular synapse transmitter

A

Acetylcholine

114
Q

can receptors get desensitized

A

yes - when continuously stimulated

115
Q

what does 1 neuron = in the case of neuromuscular synapse

A

1 neuron = AP = muscle cell depolarization

116
Q

in neuron-neuron synapse, what can 1 neuron receive

A

impulse from multiple other neurons

117
Q

what are the 2 types of synapses in neuron-neuron synapse

A

excitatory
inhibitory

118
Q

does 1 impulse always lead to a response in neuron-neuron synapse

A

no - needs to reach threshold

119
Q

what is excitatory synapse

A

depolarization = entry of Na+

120
Q

what is inhibitory synapse

A

hyperpolarization = entry of Cl- and/or outflow of K+

121
Q

does inhibitory synapse raise membrane potential

A

no

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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