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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 1 - Homeostasis/Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Homeostasis/Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant/normal internal environment

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2
Q

How is homeostasis achieved

A

coordinated responses of organs/systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes

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3
Q

examples of automatic compensation in homeostasis

A

body temp
blood pressure
O2/CO2 levels

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4
Q

what is coordinated response

A

more than 1 system - all systems working together

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5
Q

how does do systems automatically achieve homeostasis

A

automatically - involves autonomic nervous system (reflexes)

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6
Q

in terms of body temp, what are mammals and birds

A

homeotherms

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7
Q

what are homeotherms

A

warm-blooded animals

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8
Q

what do homeotherms maintain

A

body temp within narrow limits

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9
Q

can homeotherms tolerate high and low temp

A

no

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10
Q

how do birds function under higher heat

A

they have enzymes that are adapted

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11
Q

what does core body temp protect

A

vital organs

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12
Q

how is core body temp measured

A

rectal insertion of thermometer

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13
Q

what does core body temp get influenced by

A

environment
exercise
metabolism

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14
Q

what contributes to core body temp

A

vital organs and central nervous system

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15
Q

what is the thermoneutral zone

A

the ambient temp at which no adjustment is needed

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16
Q

when is no additional energy needed to maintain body temp

A

the thermoneutral zone - perfect husbandry conditions

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17
Q

what is needed during critical temperatures (hot or cold)

A

energy to maintain homeothermic condition

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18
Q

how is energy used to maintain homeothermic condition

A

produce or actively dissipate heat

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19
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

body does have to do anything to maintain core temp (same as thermoneutral zone)

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20
Q

hyperthermia

A

heat stress

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21
Q

what occurs in hyperthermia

A

cells are unable to function due to denatured proteins and enzymes - generally fatal

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22
Q

hypothermia

A

cold stress

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23
Q

what can survive freezing in hypothermia

A

cells

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24
Q

what can result in death due to hypothermia

A

blood circulation and respiration fail (blood can thicken)

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25
Q

how does heat mainly come in mammals and birds

A

body production (endothermic)

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26
Q

is endothermic heat production energy efficient

A

no

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27
Q

how is endothermic heat produced in mammals and birds

A

metabolism
growth and production
exercise

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28
Q

how does metabolism produce heat

A

conversion of nutrients to heat (energy)

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29
Q

where does heat metabolism mainly occur

A

heart
liver
kidneys
brain

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30
Q

what percentage of energy produced through exercise is heat

A

80%

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31
Q

what must happen to heat transported by blood

A

it must be released into the environment

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32
Q

what are the 4 physical processes for heat release

A

radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation/condensation

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33
Q

what is the best way to lose heat

A

evaporation/condensation (sweating/panting)

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34
Q

what are ways that extra heat can be produced

A

muscle activity (shivering)
non-shivering thermogenesis

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35
Q

what is shivering

A

rhythmic involuntary muscle contraction

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36
Q

what is the rhythm of shivering

A

15/sec

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37
Q

how do muscles contract during shivering

A

antagonistic muscles contract simultaneously

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38
Q

what does no exercise mean with energy

A

100% energy goes to heat production

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39
Q

what is the result of non-shivering thermogenesis

A

increased metabolism

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40
Q

how does non-shivering thermogenesis work

A

the sympathetic nervous system results in secretion of catecholamines which increases metabolism (calorigenic)

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41
Q

what most commonly increases metabolism during non-shivering thermogenesis

A

brown fat

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42
Q

what effect doe thyroid hormones have on metabolism

A

increases

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43
Q

which nervous system is the alarm system

A

sympathetic

44
Q

what kind of animal is brown fat more prevalent in

A

young animals

45
Q

how is extra heat lost under normal conditions

A

metabolic heat is removed from the core by the blood through the skin

46
Q

what is the insulation property of the skin inversely proportional to

A

the blood flow

47
Q

how does heat move in the body

A

through blood

48
Q

what are gradient physical laws

A

transfer from high to low

49
Q

radiation

A

electromagnetic radiation is emitted and absorbed

50
Q

what is radiation relative to

A

the surface and temperature of the object/animal

51
Q

what is conduction

A

transfer through contact

52
Q

what does conduction depend on

A

the conductivity (inverse of insulation)

53
Q

what is convection

A

transfer via moving air or water

54
Q

what is the benefit of evaporation

A

very efficient

55
Q

what does evaporation require energy for

A

to break water molecules apart

56
Q

where does evaporation occur

A

through skin and airways

57
Q

what is passive evaporation

A

normal water loss

58
Q

what is sweating

A

active process under sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

what does sweating result in besides heat loss

A

loss of ions

60
Q

what is panting

A

rapid shallow breathing

61
Q

what animals do no pant

A

horses
pigs

62
Q

what is bathing

A

water absorb energy before evaporating

63
Q

how do heat loss processes occur

A

usually simultaneously

64
Q

what is important with heat loss

A

the type of animal (fur, size etc)

65
Q

what kind of system is thermoregulation

A

automatic = reflex = sensor + integration + effectors

66
Q

what nerve cells are involved in thermoregulation

A

thermoreceptors

67
Q

what is the integration centre in thermoregulation

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

what does is the hypothalamus involved with

A

information compared to internal reference set points

69
Q

what are effectors in thermoregulation

A

neurons connected to muscles (somatic) for shivering
sympathetic nervous system for blood flow, sweat gland and metabolism
hormones - hypothalamopituitary axis

70
Q

what is the voluntary component of thermoregulation

A

hypothalamus connected to the cortex = exchange of info

71
Q

what does the voluntary component change

A

behavioural response -> putting jacket on (cognitive behaviour)

72
Q

where are heat receptors found

A

in the skin below epidermis
in the body core
blood vessels
viscera

73
Q

where in the body core are heat receptors especially found

A

hypothalamus

74
Q

what is the hypothalamus’ sensitivity to temp

A

0.1 degree C

75
Q

what is the anterior activation of the heat-loss centre

A

hypothalamus

76
Q

what effectors slow down (experience vasodilatation)

A

sympathetic vasoconstriction fibers

77
Q

how is information transferred when responding to heat

A

through warm sensory fibers

78
Q

what does sensitivity to heat depend on

A

the animal and the external conditions (humidity level)

79
Q

what animals have very good heat sensitivity

A

cattle
sheep

80
Q

what animals have very bad heat sensitivity

A

pigs

81
Q

why do pigs have such bad heat sensitivity

A

little sweat
small mouth forpanting

82
Q

when is it preferred that pigs are transported due to their bad heat sensitivity

A

at night

83
Q

what do birds have for heat sensitivity

A

air sacs

84
Q

where are air sacs in birds located

A

they are an extension of the lung deep in body cavity

85
Q

what is the purpose air sacs in birds

A

the ventilation helps cooling

86
Q

where do most animals that aren’t good at regulating body temp reside

A

in the water - it mediated temp change

87
Q

where are cold receptors located

A

in the skin below epidermis
in body core

88
Q

where in the body core are cold receptors located

A

hypothalamus
blood vessels
viscera

89
Q

how is cold response info transferred

A

through cold sensory fibers

90
Q

are cold sensory fibers or warm sensory fibers more numerous

A

cold

91
Q

how is the hypothalamus involved in cold response

A

through the activation of heat-producing centre

92
Q

what is the adaptive mechanism to prolonged exposure to heat

A

lots of sweat
shedding

93
Q

how does sweating occur during prolonged exposure to heat

A

increase in aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from sweat glands

94
Q

what is the adaptive mechanism to cold

A

change of fur coat
increase in insulation properties (subcutaneous fat)
hibernation

95
Q

what is hibernation

A

voluntary decrease in core body temp followed by a rapid raise

96
Q

pathology involving thermoregulation

A

fever
hyperthermia
hypothermia

97
Q

how does fever occur

A

by resetting hypothalamic thermostat to higher level

98
Q

what is fever response equivalent to

A

a decrease in temp

99
Q

what is fever caused by

A

pyrogens released during infection and tissue damage

100
Q

when does hyperthermia occur

A

when temp exceeds regulating capability
heat production exceeds heat loss

101
Q

what are consequences of hyperthermia

A

convulsions
nausea
loss of consciousness
death

102
Q

how can one experience hyperthermia

A

excessive exercise
exposure to high temperatures

103
Q

when does hypothermia occur

A

when heal loss exceeds heat production capability

104
Q

what are consequences of hypothermia

A

slow nervous activity
muscular failure - cardiac, pulmonary
death

105
Q

what is hypothermia critical with

A

newborns

106
Q

is fever technically good or bad

A

good

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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