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ANSC 3080 > Midterm 2 - Importance of Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Importance of Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are adrenals

A

paired organs capping the kidneys

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2
Q

what do the adrenals consist of

A

2 layers

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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the adrenals

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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4
Q

what is the outer cortex derived from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

what is the inner medulla derived from

A

neural crest

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6
Q

what is the medulla a part of

A

ANS

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7
Q

what is the medulla equivalent to

A

a ganglion, but with postganglionic cells secreting catecholamines that diffuse in blood

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8
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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9
Q

what are the 3 zones that compose the cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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10
Q

what does the zone glomerulosa secrete

A

mineralcorticoids

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11
Q

what does the zone fasciculata secrete

A

glucocorticoids

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12
Q

what does the zone reticularis secrete

A

androgens

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13
Q

what percentage of the adrenal glands mass is the cortex

A

90%

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14
Q

what hormones does the cortex produce

A

steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones) required for survival

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15
Q

how are hormones from the cortex produced

A

by a stepwise conversion of cholesterol perviously absorbed from blood lipoproteins

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16
Q

what are major enzymes in the conversion of cholesterol

A

cytochrome-p450

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17
Q

what do cells from each zone of the cortex have

A

different enzymes while allows formation of different hormones

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18
Q

what is the most potent mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

what happens to mineralocorticoids after diffusion

A

they circulate loosely bound to cortisol binding globulin (CBG)

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20
Q

what is synthesis and secretion of mineralocorticoids stimulated by

A

angiotensin
direct actin of K+ concentration on cortical cells

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21
Q

does ACTH from pituitary have an impact on aldosterone production

A

minimal

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22
Q

what doe mineralocorticoids regulate

A

metabolism of important inorganic ions

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23
Q

what do mineralocorticoids stimulate

A

the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ in the distal kidney tubules and collecting ducts

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24
Q

what does aldosterone do in target cells

A

binds to its receptor to modulate gene transcription

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25
Q

what does aldosterone do to gene transcription in Na+ and K+ pumps in basolateral membrane

A

increase

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26
Q

what does aldosterone do to gene transcription in Na+ channels in apical membrane

A

increase

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27
Q

what do glucocorticoids regulate

A

glucose metabolism

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28
Q

what is the most potent glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

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29
Q

what glucocorticoid has weaker activity

A

corticosterone

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30
Q

what does cortisol do after diffusing into blood

A

binds to CBG

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31
Q

what does the free hormone portion of cortisol do

A

enters target cells, binds to its receptors and stimulates or inhibits gene transcription

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32
Q

what cells are potential targets of cortisol

A

all

33
Q

what is permissive action

A

activates transcription of several enzymes that facilitate the action of other hormones

34
Q

what happens to cortisol levels during stress

A

increase –> enhances the effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure

35
Q

what does cortisol stimulate

A

gluconeogensis

36
Q

what does cortisol inhibit

A

tissue glucose utilisation

37
Q

what is the result of cortisol activity during stress

A

increase in plasma glucose concentration

38
Q

what does cortisol stimulate at high level

A

the deflation of fat and protein therefore increasing plasma amino acids and fatty acids concentrations

39
Q

what is another thing that cortisol inhibits in many tissues

A

gene transcription

40
Q

what is the growth inhibition effect

A

combined with the degradation of fat and protein –> energy conserved for survival during high stress

41
Q

what are anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol

A

inhibits formation of prostaglandins and cytokines
reduces number of lymphocytes migration

42
Q

another name glucocorticoid deficiency

A

Addison’s disease

43
Q

where is glucocorticoid deficiency most common

A

in dogs

44
Q

what is the consequence of glucocorticoid deficiency

A

life threatening

45
Q

what is a major cause of glucocorticoid deficiency

A

autoimmune disorders that destroy adrenal cortex cells

46
Q

symptoms of glucocorticoid deficiency

A

reduced blood pressure –>dizziness
reduced appetite, sluggish, depression, vomiting

47
Q

what is the symptom of loss of negative feedback associated with glucocorticoid deficiency

A

a measurable increase in ACTH secretion

48
Q

what is another name for glucocorticoid (cortisol) overproduction

A

Cushing’s disease

49
Q

which animals is cortisol overproduction common

A

mostly dogs, can occur in cats and horses

50
Q

what is cortisol overproduction primarily due to

A

pituitary and adrenal cortex tumours

51
Q

symptoms of when cortisol is continuously high

A

dogs eat and drink a lot, lose hair, muscles weaken
anti-insulin effects can lead to diabetes

52
Q

what are androgens similar to

A

testosterone

53
Q

how do androgens circulate

A

partly bound to SHBG and albumin

54
Q

iare androgens or testosterone more potentate

A

testosterone

55
Q

is the role of androgens known in males

A

no

56
Q

what is the role of androgens in females

A

transformed to estrogen in adipose tissue

57
Q

what is the only source of estrogen after menopause in females

A

androgens

58
Q

what type of hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

59
Q

what does the ratio of epinephrine/norepinephrine depend on

A

species

60
Q

what is the ratio of epinephrine/norepinephrine in humans

A

4/1

61
Q

what is secretion of catecholamines partly under the control of

A

preganglionic sympathetic nerves that release Ach

62
Q

what does Ash do to cells from the medulla

A

depolarizes the cells
induces Ca2+ entry and exocytosis of hormones

63
Q

what is the effect of medulla compared to sympathetic system

A

slower but longer

64
Q

what is the issue with the normal blood level of catecholamines

A

it is too low to exert an action

65
Q

where do catecholamines bind to

A

adrenergic receptors in target cells

66
Q

what are the 2 types of receptors that catecholamines bind to

A

alpha and beta both G-protein coupled receptors

67
Q

what is the effect of alpha receptors for catecholamines

A

increase Ca2+

68
Q

what is the effect of beta receptors for catecholamines

A

increase cAMP

69
Q

what catecholamine receptors are most common in target cells from the sympathetic

A

alpha

70
Q

what effect does stimulation of catecholamine alpha receptors have in arterioles and sphincters of GI tract

A

constriction of smooth muscle

71
Q

what is the result of activation of B1 catecholamine receptors in heart

A

increase in heart rate and contractility

72
Q

where are B2 catecholamine receptors present

A

in muscles from bronchioles –> inhibition of contraction

73
Q

where does epinephrine have a dual effect on alpha and beta receptors

A

in arterioles of skeletal muscles

74
Q

what is the effect that epinephrine has in arterioles of skeletal muscles

A

low levels active beta receptors (relaxation)
high levels activate alpha receptors (small contraction)

75
Q

what is stress

A

factors that alter or might alter the body internal envrionemtn

76
Q

what are 2 types of stress

A

internal
external

77
Q

examples of external stress

A

cold
exercise
injury

78
Q

examples of internal stress

A

pain
physiological factors

ANSC 3080 (21 decks)

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