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Idk (2024-2025) > MicroBio 15: Control of Microorganisms > Flashcards

MicroBio 15: Control of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

the Control of Microorganisms is effective in two basic ways:

A
  1. by killing the microorganism
  2. by inhibiting the growth of microorganism
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2
Q

this control can be accomplished by physical and chemical means

A

Microbial Control

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3
Q

Physical Methods of Microbial Control

A
  1. Heat

a. Moist Heat
- Boiling
- Sterilization
- Pasteurization
- Tyndallization/ intermitent sterilization

b. Dry Heat
- incineration
- hot air
- low temperature
- filtration
- laminar flow/ biological safety cabinets
- radiation

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4
Q

this consists of boiling solid and liquid food, steam sterilization for culture media, pasteurization for milk and other liquid food, tyndallization.

A

Moist heat

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5
Q

usually done in a laboratory oven to sterilize glasswares

A

Dry heat

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6
Q

Exposure to _____ water for 10 minutes is sufficient to destroy vegetative cells and eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Boiling (100C)

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6
Q

Is boiling high enough to kill bacterial endospores? Yes or No

A

No

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6
Q

This kills or destroys all viable microorganisms

A

Sterilization

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7
Q

What equipment is used for using steam under pressure?

A

Pressure cooker or autoclave

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7
Q

what is the Sterilization temperature and pressure time?

A

121*C - 15lbs/in^2 - 15 minutes

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7
Q

involves brief heatiing at 55-72*C

A

Pasteurization

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8
Q

Used for substances that are destroyed by high temperature like milk, juice, beer and wine to preserve them for long periods at the same time retaining foods’flavor and value

A

Pasteurization

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9
Q

True or False: Pasteurization temp. does not kill microbes but reduce their population so they can be stored longer.

A

True

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10
Q

3 ways of Pasteurization

A
  1. Flash method (high temp short time)
  2. Batch method (low temp low time)
  3. Ultrahigh temperature
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11
Q

Pasteurization at 72*C for 15 sec

A

Flash method or HTST

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12
Q

Pasteurization at 63C - 66C for 30 min * A newer technique that produce milk that has a storage life of 3 months

A

Batch method or LTLT

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13
Q

Pasteurization that has temperature of 134*C for 1-2 sec

A

Ultrahigh temperature or UHT

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14
Q

This method is used for substances that can’t withstand the high temp. of steam under pressure

A

Tyndallization or intermitent sterilization

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15
Q

under Tyndallization, the materials are exporsed to free flowing steam for _________ min for 3 consecutive days

A

30 - 40 minutes

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16
Q

True or False: The temperature in Tyndallization does not get above 100*C

A

True

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17
Q

Type of Dry Heat method which involves in a flame or heating coil direct exposure to such intense heat ignites and reduces microorganisms to ashes

A

Incineration

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18
Q

Type of Dry Heat that is generally used to sterilize glasswares in the laboratory.

A

Hot air

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19
Q
  • involves the use of a labooratory oven
  • sterilization time is 160-170*C for 2-3 hours
  • not suitable for heat sensitive materials like plastic and rubber items
A

Hot air

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20
Q

True or False: Most pathogenic microorganisms are mesophilic and do not grow at 5*C

A

False. They do not grow at 4*C

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21
Q

This inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms; important in food microbiology and postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables to increase shell-life

A

Low temperature (freezing and refrigeration)

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22
Q

Involves fluid strained through a filter with openings large enough for the fluid to pass through but not the microorganisms

A

Filtration

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23
Q

True or False: Filtration is an effective method of removing microorganisms form liquids

A

True

24
Q

This utilizes membrane filters made up of cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate or polyvinylidine fluoride

A

FIltration

25
Q

Suitable for microbial control (e.g gamma rays, X-rays, UV rays) ; used to disinfect/sterilize the surface of the laminar flow hood, operating rooms to sterilize the air and any exposed surfaces

A

Radiation

26
Q

These employ high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters ; prevents contamination in research labs ; used when culturing dangeroud microbes
e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tumor viruses

A

Laminar flow or biological safety cabinets

27
Q

True or False: Ultraviolet radiation around 260 nm wavelength is quite lethal to microbes

A

True

28
Q

In Chemical COntrol, this are agents aimed at killing microorganisms

A

Microbicidal agents

28
Q

“cide” means what?

A

To kill

29
Q

Examples of Microbicidal Agents

A
  1. Bactericide
  2. Fungicide
  3. Algicide
  4. Viruscide
  5. Viricide
  6. Nematicide
30
Q

agents that temporarily prevent microorganisms from multiplying but not killing them

A

Microbistatic Agent

31
Q

Statis/static means

A

to stand still

32
Q

Examples of Microbistatic Agents

A
  1. Bacteriostatic
  2. Fungistatic
    a. Disinfectant
    b. Antiseptic
33
Q
  • Agents used to destroy vegetative pathogens
    ex: ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, Chlorine gas Cl2, phenols)
A

Disinfectant

34
Q
  • normally used in inanimate objects and externally on skin because the concentration required to be effective is toxic to human and animal tissues
A

Disinfectant

35
Q

from the term “asepsis”

A

Antiseptic

35
Q

refers to any practice preventing entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues; preventing infection

A

Antiseptic

36
Q

a water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble, and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water.

A

Detergent

37
Q

Agents applied directly to exposed body surfaces like skin, wounds, surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogen.
E.g Tincture of Iodine and Betadine

A

Antiseptic

38
Q

agents that mechanically remove microorganisms (along with food debris) to reduce level of contaminants
e.g. germicidal soaps, plain soaps, hand sanitizers

A

Sanitizer

39
Q

Modes of Action of Antimicrobial Agents

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Biosynthetic pathways (e.g. protein synthesis)
  4. enzyme function
40
Q

When combined with water, this releases hypochlorous acid which causes denaturation of enzymes thus suspending metabolic activities

A

Chlorine and its compounds

41
Q

this ensured safety of water for drinking

A

chlorination of drinking water (0.6 to 1 part of chlorine per million parts of water)

42
Q

rapidly penetrates cells of microorganisms and interfere with hydrogen and disulfide bonding of proteins thereby disturbing a variety of metabolic function in microbes

A

Iodine and its compounds

43
Q

Chemical control where only ethyl and isopropyl are suitable for microbial control; 50% or higher dissolve lipids, denature protein, disrupt cell surface

A

Alcohols

44
Q

Mercury, silver, and most other metals inactivate proteins bringing metabolism into a stand still

A

Heavy Metals

45
Q

acts as surfactants making them good wetting agents, cleansing agents and emulsifiers

A

Soaps and detergents

46
Q

these are chemicals used in treatment, relief or prophylaxis of diseases.
may also come as:
1. Antibiotics
2. Synthetic agents

A

Chemotherapeutic Agents

47
Q

Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

47
Q

Sources of penicillin:

A

Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium notatum
e.g. penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin

48
Q

An antibiotic with characteristic B(Beta) - lactam ring, inhibiti cell wall synthesis, and broad spectrum

A

B-Lactam antibiotics
e.g. Penicilins and Cephalosporins

49
Q

Source of cephalosporins

A

Cephalosporium acremonium
e.g. cephalothin, cefazollin, cefaclor

50
Q
  • with 2 or more amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring reffered to as amino-glycoside
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • broad spectrum
    e.g.g streptomycin - Streptomyces griseus
A

Aminoglycoside drugs

51
Q
  • named for their regular group of 4 rings
  • block protein synthesis
  • broad system
    e.g. aureomycin - Streptomyces aureofaciens
A

Tetracyline antibiotics

52
Q
  • with large lactone rings connected to sugar moieties
  • inhibit protein synthesis
  • broad spectrum
    e.g. erythromycin - Streptomyces erythraeus
    chloramphenicol - Streptomyces venezuelae
A

Macrolide antibiotics

53
Q

drugs derived in the laboratory from dyes or other organic compounds

A

Synthetic Drugs

54
Q
  • 1st widely used growth factor analog to specifically inhibit growth of bateria
A

Sulfa Drugs

55
Q
  • blocks synthesis of folic acid, a nucleic acid precursor
A

sulfanilamide

56
Q
  • a nicotanimide (vitamin) analog effective only againt Mycobaterium tuberculosis
  • interferes with the synthesis of the mycobacterial-specific mycolic acid wall material
A

Isoniazid

57
Q
  • a class of synthetic antibacterial compound
  • interact with bacterial DNA gyrase preventing it from supercoiling the bacterial DNA which is required for packaging of the DNA in the bacterial cell
A

Quinolones

58
Q
  • effective for treating both G+ and G- (Gram) bacterial inefction and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
A

Fluoroquinolones

Idk (2024-2025) (25 decks)

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