CPRT -Cultural Approach Flashcards
The practice of modifying the growing environment of the plants to make them more resilient against pests.
Cultural Control
Also defined as the deliberate alteration of the production system, either the cropping system itself or specific crop production practices, to reduce pest populations or avoid pest
injury to crops (Kogan, 1986).
Cultural Control
The term “Cultural Management” is derived from?
Crop Culture
Advantages of Cultural Control?
- Inexpensive – it utilizes resources available to
farmers - Compatible with other control measures
- Not hazardous
- Development of resistant strains of pests to cultural
control method is limited
A disadvantage of Cultural Control that requires organization of farmers and institutions which is
difficult to achieve
Synchronous Planting
- “tried and true” control technique
- involve one or two or more seasons without the host
plant or host contact - economical and important in the control of many
plant pathogens such as nematodes, bacteria and
fungi
Crop Rotation
To minimize sweet potato weevil damage, the rotation of sweet potato with _____ and _____ is recommended.
Squash and Corn
It is advisable to rotate crops of the same family as the rotated crops.
True or False?
False, because they may still serve as host to the pest.
Rotating tomato with _____, _____, and _____, will minimize bacterial wilt population in the soil
Corn, string bean and pechay
These practices can kill pests through
mechanical injury, starvation (via debris destruction)
desiccation and exposure
Soil Cultivation or Tillage
True or False: Plowing under crop debris and weeds after each cropping season will increase initial insect population and pathogen inoculum for the next cropping season.
False
This keeps the soil dry that is in direct contact with the root collar of the plant
Shaping the Topsoil and Earthing up/ Hilling up : Raised beds
This method is very effective in reducing incidence of Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, and Phytophtora that causes damping-off of seedlings, basal stem rot and wilts
Raised beds or plots
A special case of multiple cropping
Trap Cropping
involves the planting of an attractive small early crop to protect the main crop.
Trap Cropping
Involves the use of a second crop in the vicinity of the principal or main crop. It divers a pest, which would otherwise attack the principal crop.
Trap cropping
True or False: The trap crop is usually destroyed after the insects reproduce and should be the same family group of the main crop.
False
A type of Trap Cropping where the trap crop surrounds the main crop from all sides.
Perimeter Trap Cropping
A type of trap cropping where planting marigold (trap crop) in a row at the center of rows of tomato (main crop) to attract thrips early and destroyed
Row Trap Cropping
A type of trap cropping which involves planting trap crops in a strip along one common border between two or more crops
Strip Trap Cropping
A type of trap cropping where the trap crop is planted in higher densities to capture more eggs of the insect pest and destroyed ; trap crop planted earlier than the main crop
Dead-end Trap Cropping
Asparagus & marigold, Tagetes erecta L, are _______ to plant pathogens because they release substances in the soil that are toxic
Antagonistic - These plants are Antagonistic Plants
_________ occurs when chemicals released from the plants reduce the population of a pest organism
Antagonism - Allelopathy
Crotolaria incana or C. mucronata or Tagetes erecta affects which pest?
Meloidogyne hapla
This involves cuttings, scions, stocks, buds, bulbs, tubers, corms, and other vegetative planting materials should come from healthy plants
Use of Healthy Planting Materials
In some plants like banana and abaca, the use of tissue cultured planting material where tissue cultured of _______ produce ________ planting materials
Meristem tips ; disease-free
This is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in a single field such as multiple cropping, intercropping, multi-storey cropping and companion planting.
Habitat diversification
Farming techniques in Habitat Diversification
a. Multiple Cropping
b. Multiple-storey cropping
c. Intercropping
d. Companion Planting
it is a method in Cultural Control in which proper choice of planting site is a way of minimizing the occurence of pests
Selection of Planting Site, Planting and Harvesting Date
Factors to consider in choosing a site are:
climate topography, elevation, slope, and soil condition
True or False: Harvesting is preferably done in the morning to allow dew and moisture on the surface of commodities to dry.
True
True OR False: Soils with higher pH due to high CaCO3 content there is increased incidence and severity of root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora) on peach
True
At ______ soil, there is an increase virulence of downy mildews
High acidic
___________ causes increased early blight in potato caused by Alternaria solani (Mackenzie 1981), fusarium wilt of melon by Fusarium oxysporum
Under-fertilization of Nitrogen
_________ causes inscrease disease susceptibility increase to fire blight on apple (Erwinia amylova) and pear (Johnson, 2000)
Over-fertilization of Nitrogen
ammonium form of nitrogen when used to fertilize crucifers make these plants more susceptible to club root and Fusarium root rot as these pathogens are acid loving
Source of N can affect susceptibility to diseases
this nutrient reduces severity of take-all diseases of wheat and potato scab
Phosphorus
This nutrient favors take all of wheat disease and potato scab
Nitrogen
this nutrient reduces drought stress but may affect pathogen establishment, delays maturity senescence in some crops and increases vulnerability to facultative pathogens, increases root knot, and white tip of rice
Potassium
This nutrient generally increases disease resistance through plant defense responses
Calcium
This nutrient reduces take-all disease of wheat but increases Phytophthora cinnamomi on avocado
Manganese
This nutrient reduces citrus greening or “huanglongbing”disease severity in citrus
Zinc
This involves canopy management by pruning, thinning, or regulation of dense of crop stand by controlling the number of seeds per hill when sowing/planting has an effect on insect pest numbers, disease severity by influencing the environment/ microclimate
Proper Plant Spacing and Density (PPSD)
This practice involves the immediate removal of crop residues and removal of weeds that serves as alternate hosts minimize the occurrence of pests
Sanitation and Clean Culture
This practice will deprive insect pests, weed seeds, and aerobic pathogens of O2 and favors the population of anaerobic decomposers and antagonistic microorganisms that compete and or antagonize the pathogenic ones
Burying Deep
Types of Irrigation?
- Sprinkler type (overhead water application)
- Surface irrigation (flood/furrow irrigation)
- Trickle or Drip irrigation
- Sub-surface irrigation or sub-soil irrigation
Which Irrigation type favors foliar disease development?
Sprinkler/Overhead irrigation
This involves the use of water to directly control pest; considered as physical control
Water Management: Irrigation Techniques: Drainage Canals
This type of irrigation can be used to limit disease risk, but may be impractical or uneconomical
Surface irrigation (flood/furrow irrigation)
A type of fallowing that is usually practiced in arid regions; aimed to reduce soil-borne pathogens and nematode control
Dry Fallowing
A method in Water Management where is a good cultural management strategy in orchards and gardens to control water-loving pathogens like Phytophthora spp. in fruit trees
Drainage canals
This involves leaving land free from crops (not planted) for a certain period for the purpose of soil recuperation and also reduce pest population
Fallowing
These irrigation methods are recommended to minimize disease
Trickle/ Drip irrigation and sub-soil irrigation
A type of fallowing which involves leaving the land free from crops while irrigating it intermittently. It is found effective against Pythium sp and Sclerotium sp. (damping off disease) and Ralstonia solanacearum
Wet Fallowing
A type of fallowing used to control Fusarium wilt of banana and Verticillium wilt of cotton
Flooding or Flood Fallowing
Refers to organic matter incorporated into the soil to improve its physical properties, such as water retention, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure
Soil amendments
A layer of material applied to the soil surface
Soil mulch
This method uses low-cost protectivve structures and is proven economically effective in off-season cropping of vegetables like tomato, ampalaya, sweet pepper, eggplant, lettuce, and pechay.
Also effective in reducing incidence of water-loving diseases like bacterial wilt , a problem in Eastern Visayas - a wet climate
Protected Cultivation
This is when a group of farmers together in a given area plant the same crop at the same time in a certain cropping season
Synchronous Planting
True or False: Synchronous Planting is more favorable for the build-up of pest populations because there is a period where no host plants are available to support populations of pests.
False. Less favorable
Its main purpose is to make the environment less favorable for the pest and more favorable to the crop and natural enemies.
Cultural control
