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CPRT - Biological Approach Flashcards

1
Q
A
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1
Q

A method of controlling pests that relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.

A

Biological control

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2
Q

Refers to the beneficial action of predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors in controlling pests and their damage.

A

Biological control

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3
Q

In plant diseases, biological control agents are most often referred to as _______.

A

Antagonists

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4
Q

In weeds, biological control agents include ________ and _________.

A

Herbivores and plant pathogens.

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5
Q

Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of mitigating pests and pest effects.

True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

Reduction in an organism’s or pest’s density due to natural enemies that occur without man’s intervention.

A

Natural Biological Control

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7
Q

Method that relies on natural enemies to reduce pest population to tolerable level and involve natural enemy manipulation by man.

A

Applied biological control

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8
Q

Mass production of BCA in the laboratory then later release in the field and create niche to promote establishment of the BCA in the field.

A

Applied biological control

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9
Q

Types of biological control

A
  1. Natural biological control
  2. Applied biological control
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10
Q

An organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its nourishment from that organism.

A

Parasite.

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11
Q

It is an organism that parasitizes a pest.

A

Parasite

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12
Q

Insect parasites are usually _______ than their host and have a __________ life cycle than their host.

A

smaller; shorter

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13
Q

Parasites kill their host.

True or False?

A

False

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14
Q

An organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host organism in a relationship that is in essence parasitic.

A

Parasitoid

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15
Q

It is a natural enemy that parasitizes and ultimately kill their host.

A

Parasitoid

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16
Q

Kinds of parasitoids according to type of host insects

A
  1. Primary parasitoid
  2. Secondary parasitoid
  3. Tertiary parasitoid.
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17
Q

It is the parasitoid that is not considered beneficial.

A

Secondary parasitoid.

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18
Q

The tertiary parasitoid is not considered beneficial. True or False?

A

False.

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19
Q

Parasites that develop inside the host; associated with hosts in both concealed and exposed site.

A

Endoparasitoids

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20
Q

A parasitoid that lives inside a host and has nutritional requirements that allow multiple parasites to exist in the host’s body

A

Endogregarious parasitoid

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21
Q

A parasitoid that develops outside of host; typically associated with hosts in “protected” sites (i.e. tunnels, leafmines, rolled leaves)

A

Ectoparasitoids

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22
Q

Primary parasitoid of the eggs of
- Plodia interpunctella
- Corcyra sp.
- Ostrinia furnacalis

A

Trichogramma evanescens

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23
Q

Larval parasitoid of lepidopteran pests.

A

Apanteles spp.

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24
Parasitoid of diamondback moth *Plutella xylostella* of cabbage.
*Diadegma semiclausum*
25
Parasitoid of Rice black bug eggs
*Telenomus triptus*
26
It is an organism that attacks other organisms by devouring them.
Predator
27
Predators are usually _________ or just _______ in size as the prey.
bigger; similar
28
Predators require (more, less) number of individual preys to complete its development.
Predators require **more** number of individual preys to complete its development.
29
Predatory insects are (non-beneficial, beneficial).
Beneficial
30
Examples of predators
- Lacewings - Ladybugs (Coccinellid) - Preying mantis - Spiders - Dragonfly - Damselfly
31
A predator that prey on psyllids.
*Curinus* sp.
32
Microorganisms that can attack or cause diseases and may kill the pest host.
Pathogens
33
_________ are pathogens that attack plants and are considered pests.
Plant pathogens
34
Pathogens that attack pest are called ___________ and are beneficial pathogens from the biological control standpoint.
Biological control agents
35
Microorganisms that cause disease in insects.
Entomopathogens
36
Fungus vs. insect pest
Entomopathogenic fungi
37
Scientific name for Green muscardine fungus
*Metarhizium anisopliae*
38
Common name of *Metarhizium anisopliae*
Green muscardine fungus
39
A fungal biocon agent for Rhinoceros beetle and grubs.
Green muscardine fungus / *Metarhizium anisopliae*
40
Scientific name of the white muscardine fungus
*Beauveria bassiana*
41
Examples of entomopathogenic fungi
- *Metarhizium anisopliae* - *Beauveria bassiana* - *Paecilomyces farrinosus*
42
Example of a bacteria that infects insects
*Bacillus thuringiensis*
43
It is a soil bacterium that are endospore formers. The endospore forms crystals that are toxic to lepidopteran larvae, beetle larvae, or grubs.
*Bacillus thuringiensis*
44
________ are viral pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods
Baculoviruses
45
Most insect baculoviruses must be eaten by the host to produce an infection, which is typically fatal to the insect. Is this statement true or false?
True
46
The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus _____________.
Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)
47
Nematodes that can get the insect sick.
Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN)
48
Microorganisms that antagonizes plant pathogenic fungus
Mycoparasite
49
Fungus that parasitizes a plant pathogenic fungus
Mycoparasite
50
A mycoparasite of *Sclerotium rolfsii*
*Trichoderma* sp.
51
Diseases caused by *Sclerotium rolfsii*
Vegetable wilts
52
*Trichoderma* sp. produces toxins or enzymes that can cause ________ of the fungal pathogen hypha of *Sclerotium rolfsii*.
Lysis
53
Commercial available Trichoderma
Biospark
54
Commercial available Bacillus thuringiensis
Dipel
55
A nematode trapping fungus
*Arthrobotrys oligospora*
56
Mycoparasite of *Puccinia tritici*
*Darluca filum*
57
*Fusarium oxysporum* is a mycoherbicide. True or False
True
58
*Fusarium oxysporum* works against a plant parasitic flowering plant ________.
*Striga*
59
Virus against bacteria
Bacteriophage
60
Phages available in the market to suppress bacterial diseases in plants (2)
1. Agriphage 2. Biolyze
61
It is used as control for spot of tomato bacterium *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicartoria* and *Pseudomonas syringae* pv. *tomato* causing bacterial speck of tomato.
Agriphage
62
A bacteriophage-based wash solution to protect potato tubers from bacterial soft rot during storage.
Biolyze
63
It is the Scottish company that produced Agriphage and Biolyze
APS Biocontrol
64
Can capture, kill, and digest nematodes using mycelial structures called traps or spores.
Nematophagous fungi
65
Nematophagous fungi can use hyphal tips to attack nematode eggs and form cysts before penetration into the nematode cuticle. True or False
True
66
A fungus that infects the burrowing nematode of banana.
*Paecilomyces lilacinus*
67
Burrowing nematode of banana - Scientific name
*Radopholus similis*
68
Commercially available *Paecilomyces lilacinus*
Mysis
69
Curcolionid beetle (*Cytrobagous salviniae) eats _______________.
*Salvinia molesta*
70
*Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata* against ____________.
*Chromolaena odorata*
71
In 1965, the town of Dalby in Queensland, Australia erected a monument dedicated to _______________ for saving the people of Queensland from the scourge of invasive prickly pear cactus.
*Cactoblastis cactorum*
72
Attributes of a good BCA (6)
1. Good searching capacity 2. Highly prolific 3. Highly specific to the target pest 4. Short life cycle 5. Highly adaptive, can establish where it is introduced 6. Can be mass-produced in the lab
73
Strategies of Biological control (2)
1. Importation 2. Augmentation 3. Conservation biological control
74
It is sometimes called the Classical Biological Control
Importation
75
It is defined as the introduction of a natural enemy of exotic origin to control a pest that is usually also exotic, aiming at permanent control of the pest.
Importation
76
The insect that is the predator of *Icerya purchasi*.
Vedalia beetle / *Rodolia cardinalis*
77
It is the periodic release of a natural enemy that does not occur naturally in sufficient numbers to keep a pest population below damaging levels.
Augmentation
78
It is defined as the supplemental release of additional numbers of a natural enemy to boost naturally occurring population.
Augmentation
79
Techniques used in biocontrol field releases in augmentation (2)
1. Inoculative release 2. Inundative release
80
Technique where relatively few natural enemies may be released at a critical time of the season such as in greenhouse production of several crops.
Inoculative release
81
Technique that involves releasing large numbers of natural enemies for immediate reduction of a damaging or near damaging pest population.
Inundative release
82
Technique that can be achieved by flooding the crop with multiple releases of insectary-reared natural enemies.
Inundative release
83
Thousands of eggs of the *Trichogramma evanescens* are glued onto ___________ and released to corn fields for the control of *Ostrinia furnacalis*
Tricho cards
84
The _______________ gave tricho cards to farmers to control Asian corn borer populations.
Department of Agriculture Biocontrol Laboratories
85
_______ trichocards recommended per ha of corn field done in three successive weeks estimated to contain 300,000 parasitoids only.
150
86
_________ eggs are glued to the Tricho cards.
*Corcyra*
87
Strategy of biological control that involves supporting populations of natural enemies already present in the agroecosystem and promoting their effectiveness as predators, parasitoids, or pathogens.
Conservation biological control
88
Ways to conserve natural enemies (6)
1. Protection from pesticides 2. Avoidance of harmful cultural practices 3. Provide alternate host of natural enemies 4. Provide artificial shelter 5. Maintenance of diversity of necessary hosts 6. Reduction of undesirable predators
89
Advantages of Biological Control (5)
1. Low cost 2. Safe to use 3. Environmentally friendly 4. Self-perpetuating 5. Achievement of stable pest control
90
Disadvantages of biological control (4)
1. Affected by adverse environmental conditions 2. Area of coverage could be limited 3.Less than 100% control (???) 4. Not complementary with chemical pesticides since they are susceptible to chemicals.
91
yawa mo tanan
amen
92
Uwagan?
EDWARDROMEORAGONOT
93
Uwagan?
EDWARDROMEORAGONOT

Idk (2024-2025) (40 decks)

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