Micro22 Lecture 8 Flashcards
1
Q
At least 2 characteristics of bacteria
A
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Divide by binary fission
- Cell wall contains peptidoglycan or mucopeptide
2
Q
The three general shapes of a bacteria.
A
- Coccus / Berry
- Bacillus / Rod
- Spirillum / Spiral
3
Q
If a bacillus is gently curved, it is a _______.
A
Vibrio
4
Q
Shape of bacteria whose length is 0.5 to 1 micrometer in diameter and may be pointed at the end.
A
Coccus / Cocci
5
Q
A pair of cocci
A
Diplococcus
6
Q
Examples of Diplococcus
A
- Neisseria gonorrheae
- Diplococcus salivarious
7
Q
Cocci in chain
A
Steptococcus
8
Q
Shape of cocci in cubical packets of eight.
A
Sarcinae
9
Q
Cocci who has a shape of irregular clusters
A
Staphylococcus
10
Q
Length of rod shaped bacteria.
A
20 to 0.5 micrometer
11
Q
Rod shaped bacteria can be in the form of a chain.
True or False
A
True
12
Q
Example of curved bacillus
A
Vibrio cholerae
13
Q
Example of slender, rod shaped bacteria
A
Salmonella typhi
14
Q
Example of bacillus that is rectangular in shape with square ends
A
Bacillus anthracis
15
Q
Bacillus can occur in single form and in diplo form.
True or False
A
True
16
Q
Spiral: Spirillum, ______: Spirochete
A
Cork screw
17
Q
Spirochete: Treponema pallidum, ___________: Leptospira
A
Spirochete
18
Q
__________ bacteria have variations in shape but they are only one species.
A
Pleomorphic
19
Q
Sarcina ventriculi: Cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae: __________
A
Pleomorphic
20
Q
These are filamentous bacteria that have elongated cells which have definite tendency to branch to produce branched mycelium and multiply by spores.
A
Actinomycetes
21
Q
Actinomycetes are prokaryotic.
True or False
A
True
22
Q
Actino : ray : : mykes : ________
A
fungi
23
Q
Examples of actinomycetes
A
- Streptomyces scabies
- Nocardia asteroides
- Streptomyces griseus
- Streptomyces aureofaciens
- Streptomyces norsei
24
Q
An actinomycete that causes potato scab
A
Streptomyces scabies
25
The following are beneficial actinomycetes, except:
- *Streptomyces norsei*
- *Streptomyces scabies*
- *Streptomyces griseus*
- *Streptomyces aureofaciens*
*Streptomyces scabies*
26
An actinomycete that is a source of an antifungal agent called Nystatin.
*Streptomyces norsei*
27
An actinomycete that causes nocardiosis: an infection of the sin, lungs, and brain of human.
*Nocardia asteroides*
28
An actinomycete that is the source of Streptomycin antibiotic.
*Streptomyces griseus*
29
An actinomycete that is the source of tetracycline antibiotic.
*Streptomyces aureofaciens*
30
The external structures of the true bacteria that sprouts from the surface of the bacteria. However, it is in present in all species.
The Appendages
31
Two major groups of appendages
1. Appendages for motility
2. Appendages for attachment and mating
32
The appendages used for the bacteria's motility or self-propulsion.
Flagella / Flagellum
33
All spirilla are flagellated.
True or False
True
34
All bacilli and cocci are flagellated.
True or False
False.
About half of the bacilli and a small number of cocci are flagellated.
35
Arrangement or pattern of bacterial flagellation attached at one or both ends of the cell.
Polar arrangement
36
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the flagella is dispersed over surface of the cell.
Peritrichous arrangement
37
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the bacteria has no flagella.
Atrichous
38
Arrangement where the bacterial has a single flagellum at one pole.
Monotrichous
39
Arrangement where multiple flagella emerge from the same site.
Lophotrichous
40
Arrangement where the flagella is at both poles of the cell.
Amphitrichous
41
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where there are multiple branches of flagella emerging from both poles of the cell.
Amphilophotrichous
42
*Vibrio fischeri* : Lophotrichous : : *Escherichia coli* : _______________ :
Peritrichous arrangement
43
A type of internal flagellum that is enclosed between the cell wall and cell membrane.
Periplasmic flagella / Axial Filaments
44
It curls closely around the bacterium and give spirochetes its wriggly mode of locomotion.
Axial Filaments / Periplasmic Flagella
45
These are small, bristle-like fibers sprouting from the surface of many bacterial cells that have a tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces.
Fimbriae / Frimbria
46
It enables the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and thereby to colonize specific surfaces.
Fimbriae / Frimbria
47
It is an elongate, rigid, tubular structure made up of protein that is used for mating.
Pilus / Sex Pilus
48
The protein that makes up the pilus.
Pilin
49
The pilus is only found in ____________ bacteria.
Gram-negative
50
It is involved in the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another during conjugation.
Pilus
51
It is a surface coating made up of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or both.
Glycocalyx
52
It protects the cell or may cause it to adhere to its environment.
Glycocalyx
53
The glycocalyx is the same among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.
True or False
False.
It differs among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.
54
The two forms of glycocalyx
1. Slime layer
2. Capsule
55
It is a thin, loose soluble sheath that protects bacteria from loss of water and nutrients.
Slime layer glycocalyx
56
The species responsible for white dental plaque.
*Streptococcus mutans*
57
It is bound more tightly to the cell than a slime layer. It protects the bacteria from phagocytes.
Capsule (glycocalyx)
58
Encapsulated bacterial cells are less virulent.
True or False
False.
They are more virulent compared to non-encapsulated strains.
59
*Streptococcus pneumoniae* and *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* are examples of bacteria that has capsules or are encapsulated.
True or False
True
60
The capsule gives shape to the bacterium.
True or False
False
The cell wall gives shape to the bacterium.
61
Fimbriae : External Structure : : Cell Wall : _________________
Cell Wall : Cell Envelope
62
The cell wall is made up of _______.
Peptidoglycan
63
It provides the structural support that keeps the bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.
Cell Wall
64
Gram-positive : Thick PG : : Gram-negative : ___________
Thin
65
Some bacteria may lose its cell wall during their life cycle.
True or False
True
66
It is an antibiotic that prevents cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin
67
It is an enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer
Lysozyme
68
Gram-positive + Lysozyme
Protoplast
69
Gram-negative + Lysozyme
Spheroplast
70
The spheroplast is the variant where the cell wall is completely removed, while the protoplast is the variant where only a part of the cell wall is removed.
True or False
False.
Protoplast - cell wall is completely removed.
Spheroplast - only a part of cell wall is removed.
71
Examples of bacteria that naturally lack cell wall.
1. Mycoplasma (*Mycoplasma pneumoniae*)
2. Phytoplasma
3. Spiroplasma
72
Bacteria that causes corn stunt and citrus decline.
Spiroplasma
73
It is thin, flexible sheet molded completely around the cytoplasm composed of lipid bilayer with embedded protein.
Cell membrane
74
It regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell, and is also the site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis.
Cell membrane
75
It is an internal cell structure that is found encased in the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
76
It is a site for many biochemical and synthetic activities of the cell.
Cytoplasm
77
It is the gelatinous solution made up of water (70-80%), and a complex mixture of nutrients including sugars, amino acids, and salts.
Cytoplasm
78
The _________ represents the genetic material of bacteria which come as single circular strand of DNA. It is found in the cell area called ____________.
Chromatin body; Nucleoid
79
These are essential pieces of DNA duplicated and passed on to offspring; confer protective traits such as resisting drugs and producing toxins and enzymes.
Plasmids
80
It is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
81
Examples of endospore-producing bacteria genus.
*Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina*
82
The depletion of ________ stimulates the vegetative cell to begin endospore formation.
nutrients
83
Endospores are heat resistant due to high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid.
Ri-yal or Fa-ke
Ri-yal
84
Bacteria that causes anthrax
*Bacillus anthracis*
85
Bacteria that causes tetanus
*Clostridium tetani*
86
Bacteria that causes gas gangrene.
*Clostridium perfringens*
87
Bacteria that causes botulism food poisoning
*Clostridium botulin*
88
Info card
Gram-positive bacteria genus
- *Staphylococcus*
- *Streptococcus*
- *Enterococcus*
- *Listeria*
- *Bacillus*
- *Clostridium*
- *Corynebacterium*
- *Mycobacterium*
- *Propionibacterium*
- *Mycoplasma*
89
Info card
Gram-negative bacteria genus
- *Salmonella*
- *Escherichia*
- *Shigella*
- *Neisseria*
- *Bordetella*
- *Legionella*
- *Pseudomonas*
- *Vibrio*
- *Campylobacter*
- *Helicobacter*
- *Haemophilus*
- *Treponema*
90
These are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that can sustain in extremely harsh environments.
Archaea
91
Archaea reproduce asexually through:
- Binary fission
- Fragmentation
- Budding
92
Archaea are also known as ________ because they can survive harsh environments.
Extremophiles
93
Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to bacteria because ___________
they share a number of ribosomal RNA sequences
94
Some species of archaea can form endospores.
True or False
FALSE
No known species of Archaea forms endospores.
95
Peptidoglycan : Bacteria : : ____________ : Archaea
Pseudo-peptidoglycan
96
The other term for pseudo-peptidoglycan
Pseudomurein
97
Archaea that are strict anaerobes that convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)
Methanogens / *Methanobacterium*
98
*Methanobacterium* are motile.
True or False
False
*Methanobacterium* are non-motile
99
*Methanobacterium* : Anaerobic : : *Halobacterium* : _______________
Aerobic
100
Archaea that loves high temperatures
Hyperthermophiles
101
These archaea require oxygen and very large amounts of salt for metabolism and reproduction.
Halophiles / *Halobacterium*
102
Halophiles are only cocci in shape.
True or False
False.
Halophiles are either rods or cocci in shape.
103
*Halobacterium* grows best at what temperature?
42°C
104
Examples of hyperthermophiles
*Thermoplasma*, *Thermophilus*
105
Organisms that thrive under highly acidic conditions.
Acidophiles / Acidophilic organisms.
106
____________ are produced by methanogens and are useful in industrial production procedures and research applications because of their ability to remain active under severe conditions.
Extremozymes
107
Methane gas from methanogens is also called ________.
Biofuel
108
_________ may prove to be valuable bioremediation agents for the treatment of saline effluents and hypersaline waters contaminated with toxic compounds that are resistant to degradation.
Halophiles
109
Organisms used in biomining.
Acidophiles
110
Some extremophiles are producers of antibiotics, antifungals, and antitumor molecules.
True or False
True
111
Taq polymerase enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction is from ________.
*Thermos aquaticus*
112
At what temperature range do hyperthermophiles flourish?
80°C to 113°C
113
Hyperthermophiles cannot grow in what temperature?
50°C
114
Crystals of inorganic compounds
Metachromatic granules
115
Used for buoyancy and floatation in some aquatic bacteria.
Gas vesicles
116
Used to be known as mycoplasma-like organisms
*Phytoplasma*
117
Bacteria responsible for causing coconut lethal yellowing, little leaf disease of ampalaya, patola, and cassava.
*Phytoplasma*
118
Specific bacteria that causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans.
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae*
119
Example of a bacteria that is amphitrichous
*Spirillum volutans*
120
What a rod-shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called __________.
Coccobacillus
