Micro22 Lecture 8 Flashcards
At least 2 characteristics of bacteria
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
- Divide by binary fission
- Cell wall contains peptidoglycan or mucopeptide
The three general shapes of a bacteria.
- Coccus / Berry
- Bacillus / Rod
- Spirillum / Spiral
If a bacillus is gently curved, it is a _______.
Vibrio
Shape of bacteria whose length is 0.5 to 1 micrometer in diameter and may be pointed at the end.
Coccus / Cocci
A pair of cocci
Diplococcus
Examples of Diplococcus
- Neisseria gonorrheae
- Diplococcus salivarious
Cocci in chain
Steptococcus
Shape of cocci in cubical packets of eight.
Sarcinae
Cocci who has a shape of irregular clusters
Staphylococcus
Length of rod shaped bacteria.
20 to 0.5 micrometer
Rod shaped bacteria can be in the form of a chain.
True or False
True
Example of curved bacillus
Vibrio cholerae
Example of slender, rod shaped bacteria
Salmonella typhi
Example of bacillus that is rectangular in shape with square ends
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus can occur in single form and in diplo form.
True or False
True
Spiral: Spirillum, ______: Spirochete
Cork screw
Spirochete: Treponema pallidum, ___________: Leptospira
Spirochete
__________ bacteria have variations in shape but they are only one species.
Pleomorphic
Sarcina ventriculi: Cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae: __________
Pleomorphic
These are filamentous bacteria that have elongated cells which have definite tendency to branch to produce branched mycelium and multiply by spores.
Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are prokaryotic.
True or False
True
Actino : ray : : mykes : ________
fungi
Examples of actinomycetes
- Streptomyces scabies
- Nocardia asteroides
- Streptomyces griseus
- Streptomyces aureofaciens
- Streptomyces norsei
An actinomycete that causes potato scab
Streptomyces scabies
The following are beneficial actinomycetes, except:
- Streptomyces norsei
- Streptomyces scabies
- Streptomyces griseus
- Streptomyces aureofaciens
Streptomyces scabies
An actinomycete that is a source of an antifungal agent called Nystatin.
Streptomyces norsei
An actinomycete that causes nocardiosis: an infection of the sin, lungs, and brain of human.
Nocardia asteroides
An actinomycete that is the source of Streptomycin antibiotic.
Streptomyces griseus
An actinomycete that is the source of tetracycline antibiotic.
Streptomyces aureofaciens
The external structures of the true bacteria that sprouts from the surface of the bacteria. However, it is in present in all species.
The Appendages
Two major groups of appendages
- Appendages for motility
- Appendages for attachment and mating
The appendages used for the bacteria’s motility or self-propulsion.
Flagella / Flagellum
All spirilla are flagellated.
True or False
True
All bacilli and cocci are flagellated.
True or False
False.
About half of the bacilli and a small number of cocci are flagellated.
Arrangement or pattern of bacterial flagellation attached at one or both ends of the cell.
Polar arrangement
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the flagella is dispersed over surface of the cell.
Peritrichous arrangement
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the bacteria has no flagella.
Atrichous
Arrangement where the bacterial has a single flagellum at one pole.
Monotrichous
Arrangement where multiple flagella emerge from the same site.
Lophotrichous
Arrangement where the flagella is at both poles of the cell.
Amphitrichous
Pattern of bacterial flagellation where there are multiple branches of flagella emerging from both poles of the cell.
Amphilophotrichous
Vibrio fischeri : Lophotrichous : : Escherichia coli : _______________ :
Peritrichous arrangement
A type of internal flagellum that is enclosed between the cell wall and cell membrane.
Periplasmic flagella / Axial Filaments
It curls closely around the bacterium and give spirochetes its wriggly mode of locomotion.
Axial Filaments / Periplasmic Flagella
These are small, bristle-like fibers sprouting from the surface of many bacterial cells that have a tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces.
Fimbriae / Frimbria
It enables the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and thereby to colonize specific surfaces.
Fimbriae / Frimbria
It is an elongate, rigid, tubular structure made up of protein that is used for mating.
Pilus / Sex Pilus
The protein that makes up the pilus.
Pilin
The pilus is only found in ____________ bacteria.
Gram-negative
It is involved in the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another during conjugation.
Pilus
It is a surface coating made up of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or both.
Glycocalyx
It protects the cell or may cause it to adhere to its environment.
Glycocalyx
The glycocalyx is the same among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.
True or False
False.
It differs among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.
The two forms of glycocalyx
- Slime layer
- Capsule
It is a thin, loose soluble sheath that protects bacteria from loss of water and nutrients.
Slime layer glycocalyx
The species responsible for white dental plaque.
Streptococcus mutans
It is bound more tightly to the cell than a slime layer. It protects the bacteria from phagocytes.
Capsule (glycocalyx)
Encapsulated bacterial cells are less virulent.
True or False
False.
They are more virulent compared to non-encapsulated strains.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are examples of bacteria that has capsules or are encapsulated.
True or False
True
The capsule gives shape to the bacterium.
True or False
False
The cell wall gives shape to the bacterium.
Fimbriae : External Structure : : Cell Wall : _________________
Cell Wall : Cell Envelope
The cell wall is made up of _______.
Peptidoglycan
It provides the structural support that keeps the bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.
Cell Wall
Gram-positive : Thick PG : : Gram-negative : ___________
Thin
Some bacteria may lose its cell wall during their life cycle.
True or False
True
It is an antibiotic that prevents cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin
It is an enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer
Lysozyme
Gram-positive + Lysozyme
Protoplast
Gram-negative + Lysozyme
Spheroplast
The spheroplast is the variant where the cell wall is completely removed, while the protoplast is the variant where only a part of the cell wall is removed.
True or False
False.
Protoplast - cell wall is completely removed.
Spheroplast - only a part of cell wall is removed.
Examples of bacteria that naturally lack cell wall.
- Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
- Phytoplasma
- Spiroplasma
Bacteria that causes corn stunt and citrus decline.
Spiroplasma
It is thin, flexible sheet molded completely around the cytoplasm composed of lipid bilayer with embedded protein.
Cell membrane
It regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell, and is also the site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis.
Cell membrane
It is an internal cell structure that is found encased in the cell membrane.
Cytoplasm
It is a site for many biochemical and synthetic activities of the cell.
Cytoplasm
It is the gelatinous solution made up of water (70-80%), and a complex mixture of nutrients including sugars, amino acids, and salts.
Cytoplasm
The _________ represents the genetic material of bacteria which come as single circular strand of DNA. It is found in the cell area called ____________.
Chromatin body; Nucleoid
These are essential pieces of DNA duplicated and passed on to offspring; confer protective traits such as resisting drugs and producing toxins and enzymes.
Plasmids
It is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Examples of endospore-producing bacteria genus.
Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina
The depletion of ________ stimulates the vegetative cell to begin endospore formation.
nutrients
Endospores are heat resistant due to high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid.
Ri-yal or Fa-ke
Ri-yal
Bacteria that causes anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria that causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Bacteria that causes gas gangrene.
Clostridium perfringens
Bacteria that causes botulism food poisoning
Clostridium botulin
Info card
Gram-positive bacteria genus
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus
- Enterococcus
- Listeria
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
- Corynebacterium
- Mycobacterium
- Propionibacterium
- Mycoplasma
Info card
Gram-negative bacteria genus
- Salmonella
- Escherichia
- Shigella
- Neisseria
- Bordetella
- Legionella
- Pseudomonas
- Vibrio
- Campylobacter
- Helicobacter
- Haemophilus
- Treponema
These are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that can sustain in extremely harsh environments.
Archaea
Archaea reproduce asexually through:
- Binary fission
- Fragmentation
- Budding
Archaea are also known as ________ because they can survive harsh environments.
Extremophiles
Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to bacteria because ___________
they share a number of ribosomal RNA sequences
Some species of archaea can form endospores.
True or False
FALSE
No known species of Archaea forms endospores.
Peptidoglycan : Bacteria : : ____________ : Archaea
Pseudo-peptidoglycan
The other term for pseudo-peptidoglycan
Pseudomurein
Archaea that are strict anaerobes that convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)
Methanogens / Methanobacterium
Methanobacterium are motile.
True or False
False
Methanobacterium are non-motile
Methanobacterium : Anaerobic : : Halobacterium : _______________
Aerobic
Archaea that loves high temperatures
Hyperthermophiles
These archaea require oxygen and very large amounts of salt for metabolism and reproduction.
Halophiles / Halobacterium
Halophiles are only cocci in shape.
True or False
False.
Halophiles are either rods or cocci in shape.
Halobacterium grows best at what temperature?
42°C
Examples of hyperthermophiles
Thermoplasma, Thermophilus
Organisms that thrive under highly acidic conditions.
Acidophiles / Acidophilic organisms.
____________ are produced by methanogens and are useful in industrial production procedures and research applications because of their ability to remain active under severe conditions.
Extremozymes
Methane gas from methanogens is also called ________.
Biofuel
_________ may prove to be valuable bioremediation agents for the treatment of saline effluents and hypersaline waters contaminated with toxic compounds that are resistant to degradation.
Halophiles
Organisms used in biomining.
Acidophiles
Some extremophiles are producers of antibiotics, antifungals, and antitumor molecules.
True or False
True
Taq polymerase enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction is from ________.
Thermos aquaticus
At what temperature range do hyperthermophiles flourish?
80°C to 113°C
Hyperthermophiles cannot grow in what temperature?
50°C
Crystals of inorganic compounds
Metachromatic granules
Used for buoyancy and floatation in some aquatic bacteria.
Gas vesicles
Used to be known as mycoplasma-like organisms
Phytoplasma
Bacteria responsible for causing coconut lethal yellowing, little leaf disease of ampalaya, patola, and cassava.
Phytoplasma
Specific bacteria that causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Example of a bacteria that is amphitrichous
Spirillum volutans
What a rod-shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called __________.
Coccobacillus
