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Idk (2024-2025) > Micro22 Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Micro22 Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

At least 2 characteristics of bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Divide by binary fission
  • Cell wall contains peptidoglycan or mucopeptide
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2
Q

The three general shapes of a bacteria.

A
  1. Coccus / Berry
  2. Bacillus / Rod
  3. Spirillum / Spiral
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3
Q

If a bacillus is gently curved, it is a _______.

A

Vibrio

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4
Q

Shape of bacteria whose length is 0.5 to 1 micrometer in diameter and may be pointed at the end.

A

Coccus / Cocci

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5
Q

A pair of cocci

A

Diplococcus

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6
Q

Examples of Diplococcus

A
  • Neisseria gonorrheae
  • Diplococcus salivarious
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7
Q

Cocci in chain

A

Steptococcus

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8
Q

Shape of cocci in cubical packets of eight.

A

Sarcinae

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9
Q

Cocci who has a shape of irregular clusters

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Length of rod shaped bacteria.

A

20 to 0.5 micrometer

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11
Q

Rod shaped bacteria can be in the form of a chain.

True or False

A

True

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12
Q

Example of curved bacillus

A

Vibrio cholerae

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13
Q

Example of slender, rod shaped bacteria

A

Salmonella typhi

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14
Q

Example of bacillus that is rectangular in shape with square ends

A

Bacillus anthracis

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15
Q

Bacillus can occur in single form and in diplo form.

True or False

A

True

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16
Q

Spiral: Spirillum, ______: Spirochete

A

Cork screw

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17
Q

Spirochete: Treponema pallidum, ___________: Leptospira

A

Spirochete

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18
Q

__________ bacteria have variations in shape but they are only one species.

A

Pleomorphic

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19
Q

Sarcina ventriculi: Cocci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae: __________

A

Pleomorphic

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20
Q

These are filamentous bacteria that have elongated cells which have definite tendency to branch to produce branched mycelium and multiply by spores.

A

Actinomycetes

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21
Q

Actinomycetes are prokaryotic.

True or False

A

True

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22
Q

Actino : ray : : mykes : ________

A

fungi

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23
Q

Examples of actinomycetes

A
  • Streptomyces scabies
  • Nocardia asteroides
  • Streptomyces griseus
  • Streptomyces aureofaciens
  • Streptomyces norsei
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24
Q

An actinomycete that causes potato scab

A

Streptomyces scabies

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25
Q

The following are beneficial actinomycetes, except:

  • Streptomyces norsei
  • Streptomyces scabies
  • Streptomyces griseus
  • Streptomyces aureofaciens
A

Streptomyces scabies

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26
Q

An actinomycete that is a source of an antifungal agent called Nystatin.

A

Streptomyces norsei

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27
Q

An actinomycete that causes nocardiosis: an infection of the sin, lungs, and brain of human.

A

Nocardia asteroides

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28
Q

An actinomycete that is the source of Streptomycin antibiotic.

A

Streptomyces griseus

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29
Q

An actinomycete that is the source of tetracycline antibiotic.

A

Streptomyces aureofaciens

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30
Q

The external structures of the true bacteria that sprouts from the surface of the bacteria. However, it is in present in all species.

A

The Appendages

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31
Q

Two major groups of appendages

A
  1. Appendages for motility
  2. Appendages for attachment and mating
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32
Q

The appendages used for the bacteria’s motility or self-propulsion.

A

Flagella / Flagellum

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33
Q

All spirilla are flagellated.

True or False

A

True

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34
Q

All bacilli and cocci are flagellated.

True or False

A

False.

About half of the bacilli and a small number of cocci are flagellated.

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35
Q

Arrangement or pattern of bacterial flagellation attached at one or both ends of the cell.

A

Polar arrangement

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36
Q

Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the flagella is dispersed over surface of the cell.

A

Peritrichous arrangement

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37
Q

Pattern of bacterial flagellation where the bacteria has no flagella.

A

Atrichous

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38
Q

Arrangement where the bacterial has a single flagellum at one pole.

A

Monotrichous

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39
Q

Arrangement where multiple flagella emerge from the same site.

A

Lophotrichous

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40
Q

Arrangement where the flagella is at both poles of the cell.

A

Amphitrichous

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41
Q

Pattern of bacterial flagellation where there are multiple branches of flagella emerging from both poles of the cell.

A

Amphilophotrichous

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42
Q

Vibrio fischeri : Lophotrichous : : Escherichia coli : _______________ :

A

Peritrichous arrangement

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43
Q

A type of internal flagellum that is enclosed between the cell wall and cell membrane.

A

Periplasmic flagella / Axial Filaments

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44
Q

It curls closely around the bacterium and give spirochetes its wriggly mode of locomotion.

A

Axial Filaments / Periplasmic Flagella

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45
Q

These are small, bristle-like fibers sprouting from the surface of many bacterial cells that have a tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces.

A

Fimbriae / Frimbria

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46
Q

It enables the bacteria to bind to specific receptor structures and thereby to colonize specific surfaces.

A

Fimbriae / Frimbria

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47
Q

It is an elongate, rigid, tubular structure made up of protein that is used for mating.

A

Pilus / Sex Pilus

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48
Q

The protein that makes up the pilus.

A

Pilin

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49
Q

The pilus is only found in ____________ bacteria.

A

Gram-negative

50
Q

It is involved in the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another during conjugation.

A

Pilus

51
Q

It is a surface coating made up of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or both.

A

Glycocalyx

52
Q

It protects the cell or may cause it to adhere to its environment.

A

Glycocalyx

53
Q

The glycocalyx is the same among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.

True or False

A

False.

It differs among bacteria in thickness, organization, and chemical composition.

54
Q

The two forms of glycocalyx

A
  1. Slime layer
  2. Capsule
55
Q

It is a thin, loose soluble sheath that protects bacteria from loss of water and nutrients.

A

Slime layer glycocalyx

56
Q

The species responsible for white dental plaque.

A

Streptococcus mutans

57
Q

It is bound more tightly to the cell than a slime layer. It protects the bacteria from phagocytes.

A

Capsule (glycocalyx)

58
Q

Encapsulated bacterial cells are less virulent.

True or False

A

False.

They are more virulent compared to non-encapsulated strains.

59
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are examples of bacteria that has capsules or are encapsulated.

True or False

A

True

60
Q

The capsule gives shape to the bacterium.

True or False

A

False

The cell wall gives shape to the bacterium.

61
Q

Fimbriae : External Structure : : Cell Wall : _________________

A

Cell Wall : Cell Envelope

62
Q

The cell wall is made up of _______.

A

Peptidoglycan

63
Q

It provides the structural support that keeps the bacterium from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure.

A

Cell Wall

64
Q

Gram-positive : Thick PG : : Gram-negative : ___________

A

Thin

65
Q

Some bacteria may lose its cell wall during their life cycle.

True or False

A

True

66
Q

It is an antibiotic that prevents cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin

67
Q

It is an enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer

A

Lysozyme

68
Q

Gram-positive + Lysozyme

A

Protoplast

69
Q

Gram-negative + Lysozyme

A

Spheroplast

70
Q

The spheroplast is the variant where the cell wall is completely removed, while the protoplast is the variant where only a part of the cell wall is removed.

True or False

A

False.

Protoplast - cell wall is completely removed.
Spheroplast - only a part of cell wall is removed.

71
Q

Examples of bacteria that naturally lack cell wall.

A
  1. Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
  2. Phytoplasma
  3. Spiroplasma
72
Q

Bacteria that causes corn stunt and citrus decline.

A

Spiroplasma

73
Q

It is thin, flexible sheet molded completely around the cytoplasm composed of lipid bilayer with embedded protein.

A

Cell membrane

74
Q

It regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell, and is also the site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis.

A

Cell membrane

75
Q

It is an internal cell structure that is found encased in the cell membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

76
Q

It is a site for many biochemical and synthetic activities of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

It is the gelatinous solution made up of water (70-80%), and a complex mixture of nutrients including sugars, amino acids, and salts.

A

Cytoplasm

78
Q

The _________ represents the genetic material of bacteria which come as single circular strand of DNA. It is found in the cell area called ____________.

A

Chromatin body; Nucleoid

79
Q

These are essential pieces of DNA duplicated and passed on to offspring; confer protective traits such as resisting drugs and producing toxins and enzymes.

A

Plasmids

80
Q

It is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

81
Q

Examples of endospore-producing bacteria genus.

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina

82
Q

The depletion of ________ stimulates the vegetative cell to begin endospore formation.

A

nutrients

83
Q

Endospores are heat resistant due to high content of calcium and dipicolinic acid.

Ri-yal or Fa-ke

A

Ri-yal

84
Q

Bacteria that causes anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

85
Q

Bacteria that causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

86
Q

Bacteria that causes gas gangrene.

A

Clostridium perfringens

87
Q

Bacteria that causes botulism food poisoning

A

Clostridium botulin

88
Q

Info card

Gram-positive bacteria genus

A
  • Staphylococcus
  • Streptococcus
  • Enterococcus
  • Listeria
  • Bacillus
  • Clostridium
  • Corynebacterium
  • Mycobacterium
  • Propionibacterium
  • Mycoplasma
89
Q

Info card

Gram-negative bacteria genus

A
  • Salmonella
  • Escherichia
  • Shigella
  • Neisseria
  • Bordetella
  • Legionella
  • Pseudomonas
  • Vibrio
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
  • Haemophilus
  • Treponema
90
Q

These are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that can sustain in extremely harsh environments.

A

Archaea

91
Q

Archaea reproduce asexually through:

A
  • Binary fission
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
92
Q

Archaea are also known as ________ because they can survive harsh environments.

A

Extremophiles

93
Q

Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to bacteria because ___________

A

they share a number of ribosomal RNA sequences

94
Q

Some species of archaea can form endospores.

True or False

A

FALSE

No known species of Archaea forms endospores.

95
Q

Peptidoglycan : Bacteria : : ____________ : Archaea

A

Pseudo-peptidoglycan

96
Q

The other term for pseudo-peptidoglycan

A

Pseudomurein

97
Q

Archaea that are strict anaerobes that convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)

A

Methanogens / Methanobacterium

98
Q

Methanobacterium are motile.

True or False

A

False

Methanobacterium are non-motile

99
Q

Methanobacterium : Anaerobic : : Halobacterium : _______________

A

Aerobic

100
Q

Archaea that loves high temperatures

A

Hyperthermophiles

101
Q

These archaea require oxygen and very large amounts of salt for metabolism and reproduction.

A

Halophiles / Halobacterium

102
Q

Halophiles are only cocci in shape.

True or False

A

False.

Halophiles are either rods or cocci in shape.

103
Q

Halobacterium grows best at what temperature?

A

42°C

104
Q

Examples of hyperthermophiles

A

Thermoplasma, Thermophilus

105
Q

Organisms that thrive under highly acidic conditions.

A

Acidophiles / Acidophilic organisms.

106
Q

____________ are produced by methanogens and are useful in industrial production procedures and research applications because of their ability to remain active under severe conditions.

A

Extremozymes

107
Q

Methane gas from methanogens is also called ________.

A

Biofuel

108
Q

_________ may prove to be valuable bioremediation agents for the treatment of saline effluents and hypersaline waters contaminated with toxic compounds that are resistant to degradation.

A

Halophiles

109
Q

Organisms used in biomining.

A

Acidophiles

110
Q

Some extremophiles are producers of antibiotics, antifungals, and antitumor molecules.

True or False

A

True

111
Q

Taq polymerase enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction is from ________.

A

Thermos aquaticus

112
Q

At what temperature range do hyperthermophiles flourish?

A

80°C to 113°C

113
Q

Hyperthermophiles cannot grow in what temperature?

A

50°C

114
Q

Crystals of inorganic compounds

A

Metachromatic granules

115
Q

Used for buoyancy and floatation in some aquatic bacteria.

A

Gas vesicles

116
Q

Used to be known as mycoplasma-like organisms

A

Phytoplasma

117
Q

Bacteria responsible for causing coconut lethal yellowing, little leaf disease of ampalaya, patola, and cassava.

A

Phytoplasma

118
Q

Specific bacteria that causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans.

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

119
Q

Example of a bacteria that is amphitrichous

A

Spirillum volutans

120
Q

What a rod-shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called __________.

A

Coccobacillus

Idk (2024-2025) (40 decks)

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