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Evan's Step 1 Prep Material > Metabolic fuels and precursors EC > Flashcards

Metabolic fuels and precursors EC Flashcards

1
Q

Why are intracellular carbohydrates phosphorylated?

A

To keep them from diffusing out of the cell

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2
Q

Which isomer are most human sugars?

A

D isomer

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3
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Open chain forms that allow carbonyl group to react with reducing agents

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4
Q

Glucuronic acid

A

Reacts with unconjugated bilirubin to form conjugated

Component of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)

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5
Q

Sorbital derived damage in diabetes

A

Lens (cataracts)
Schwann cells (peripheral neuropathy)
Pericytes (retinopathy)

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6
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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7
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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8
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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9
Q

Monosacharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Ribose

“GFR”

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

“MLS”

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11
Q

Essential fatty acids

A 
Linoleic acid (18C)
Linolenic acid (18C)
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12
Q

Carnitine shuttle

A

Moves long chain fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria

deficiency results in nonketotic hypoglycemia

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13
Q

Corticosteroids effect on phospholipids

A

Inhibit phospholipase A2, inhibit arachadonic acid release

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14
Q

Gly (glycine)

A

Smallest amino acid
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord
Synthesis of heme
Abundant in collagen

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15
Q

Ala (alanine)

A

Alanine cycle during fasting: major substrate for gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

Val (valine)

A

Branched
Not degraded by liver
Used in muscle
Increased in maple syrup urine disease

17
Q

Leu (leucine)

A 
Branched 
Not degraded in liver
Ketogenic
Used in muscle
Increased in maple syrup urine disease
18
Q

Ile (isoleucine)

A

Branched
Not degraded by liver
Used in muscle
Increased in maple syrup urine disease

19
Q

Met (methionine)

A 
Polypeptide chain initiation
Methyl donor (as S-adenosylmethionine)
20
Q

Pro (proline)

A

Helix breaker
Only a.a. with side chain cyclized to alpha amino group
Hydroxylation in collagen via ascorib acid
Binding site for collagen cross-bridges

21
Q

Phe (phenylalanine)

A

Increased in PKU
Aromatic side chain (increased in hepatic coma)
Tyr>Dopa(malanin)>Dopamine>NE>Epi

22
Q

Trp (tryptophan)

A

Precurser to serotonin, niacin, and melotonin

Aromatic side chains (increased in hepatic coma)

23
Q

Cys (cysteine)

A

Forms disulphide bonds
Sensitive to oxidation
Component of glutathione (RBC antioxidation)
Deficient in G6PD deficiency

24
Q

Ser (serine)

A

Single carbon donor

Phosphorylated by kinases

25
Q

Thr (threonine)

A

Phosphorylated by kinases

26
Q

Tyr (tyrosine)

A

Precursor to melatonin, catacholamines, and thyroid hormones
Phosphorylated by kinases
Aromatic side chain (increased in hepatic coma)
Must be supplied in PKU
Signal transduction (tyrosine kinase)

27
Q

Asn (asparagine)

A

Insufficiently synthesized by neoplastic cells

Used to treat leukemia

28
Q

Gln (glutamine)

A

Most abundant
Nitrogen carrier
NO donor in purine/pyrimidine synthesis
NH3 detox. in brain and liver
Fasting state: carries amino group from muscle to other tissue
Fasting state: fuel for kidneys, intestine, and immune system

29
Q

Lys (lysine)

A

Basic
Ketogenic
Abundant in histones
Hydroxylation in collagen aided by ascorbic acid
Binding site for cross-bridges in protocollagen

30
Q

Arg (arginine)

A

Basic
Essential for growth in children
Abundant in histones
Precursor to creatine, urea, & NO

31
Q

His (histidine)

A 
Basic: ZERO charge at pH=7.4
Physiologic buffer
Histamine precursor
Residue in Hg coordinated with heme
Essential for growth in children
32
Q

Asp (aspartate)

A

Acidic
Forms oxaloacetate by transamination
Important for albumin binding properties

33
Q

Glu (glutamate)

A

Acidic
Forms alpha-ketoglutarate by transamination
Important for binding properties of albumin
GABA and Glutathione precursor

Evan's Step 1 Prep Material (72 decks)

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