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Evan's Step 1 Prep Material > Bacteriology EC > Flashcards

Bacteriology EC Flashcards

1
Q

Peptidoglycan Function

A

Gives rigid support
Protects against osmotic pressure

(What stains on gram stain)

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2
Q

Major surface antigen of Gram+

A

Lipoteichoic acid (induces TNF/IL-1)

Cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)

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3
Q

Major surface antigen of Gram -

A

LPS/Endotoxin/Outer membrane

Lipid A induces TNF/IL-1
O polysaccharide is the anitgen

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4
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram -

Contains BETA-LACTAMASE

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5
Q

How do beta-lactams work?

A

Inhibit cross-linking of peptidoglycan by transpeptidase

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6
Q

Gram + Bacteria (gram stain color, major antigen, vulnerability to beta-lactams)

A

BLUE
Thick cell wall/peptidoglycan (+ is thick)
Lipoteichoic acid
Vulnerable to beta-lactams/lysozymes

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7
Q

Gram - Bacteria (gram stain color, major antigen, vulnerability to beta-lactams)

A

RED
Thin cell wall/peptidoglycan (- is thin)
LPS (lipid A) Endotoxin
Resistant to beta lactams/lysozymes (beta-lactamase in periplasmic space)

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8
Q

What are the gram + bacteria?

A 
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Gardnerella
Staph
Strep
Corynebacterium
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Bacillus 
Listeria
Clostridium

“My God, Some Silly Corny Actors kNock Back Listerine in the Closet”

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9
Q

What Gram + bacteria commonly cause disease and what is their morphology?

A 
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus
Bacillus (spore forming)
Clostridium (spore forming)
Corynebacterium (rods)
Listeria (rods)
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10
Q

What are the morphologies of the Gram - bacteria?

A

Neisseria (diplococcus)

Treponema pallidum (spirochete)

REST=rods/pleomorphic

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11
Q

What stain identifies mycobacterium?

A

Acid fast (causes TB and leprosy)

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12
Q

What bacteria have unusual cell membranes/walls?

A

Mycoplasma - STEROLS and NO CELL WALL

Mycobacterium - MYCOLIC ACID and HIGH LIPID CONTENT

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13
Q

What bacteria do not Gram stain well?

A

Treponema (too thin- use darkfield microscope)
Rickettisa (intracellular)
Mycobacteria (lipid content detected in acid fast stain
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular)

“These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color”

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14
Q

What bugs stain with Giemsa?

A 
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsiae
Trypanosome
Plasmodium

“Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”

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15
Q

What bugs stain with PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

(Stains glycogen)

“PAS the sugar”

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16
Q

What bugs stain with Ziehl-Neelsen?

A

Acid fast

Nocardia
Mycobacterium

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17
Q

What bugs stain with India Ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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18
Q

What bugs stain with Silver stain?

A

Fungi (ie Pneumocystis)
Legionella
H. pylori

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19
Q

What does catalase do?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide radicals

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20
Q

What does peroxidase do?

A

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide radicals

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21
Q

What does superoxide dismutase do?

A

Breaks down superoxide radicals

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22
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Must use oxygen - same enzymes as us

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23
Q

What are the obligate aerobes?

A

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium TB
Bacillus

“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”

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24
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Have the faculty to be anaerobic (comparable to skeletal muscle during sprinting)

Prefer O2, but switch if have to

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25
Are obligate anaerobes?
Hate oxygen (no enzymes to defend against it)
26
What are the obligate anaerobes?
Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces "Can't Breathe Air" AninOglycosides are ineffective because they require O to enter cell
27
What bugs are obligate intracellular?
Rickettsia Chlamydia (can't make own ATP) "stay inside when it gets Really Cold"
28
What bugs are facultative intracellular?
``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia ``` "Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
29
What does the Quellung reaction test for?
Encapsulated bacteria "Quellung=Swelling"
30
What bacteria are encapsulated?
``` E. coli Strep. pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae H. influenzae Neisseria meningitidis Salmonella B Strep ``` "Even Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies"
31
What organisms would someone with chronic granulomatous disease get recurrent infections from? Why?
``` Catalase + organisms Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli S. aureus Serratia ``` "you need PLACESS for your CATs" People with CGD have a NADPH oxidase deficiency Catalase + bacteria neutralize limited H2O2 produced
32
What bugs are urease +?
``` Cryptococcus H. pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus ``` "CHuck norris hates PUNKSS"
33
What bacteria produce pigment?
Actinomyces ISRAELii - yellow sulfur granules "Israel has yellow sand" S. aureus - yellow pigment "aureus=gold' Pseudomonas AURUGinosa - blue-GREEN pigment "AERUGala is GREEN" Serratia MARCESCENS - RED pigment "red maraschino cherries"
34
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Diptheria toxin Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor) ``` Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Severe lymphadenopathy ("bull neck") ```
35
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Exotoxin A Inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor) Host cell death
36
Shigella (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Shiga toxin Inactivates 60S ribosome (remove adenine from rRNA) GI mucosal damage --> dysentery Cytokine release --> HUS
37
EHEC O157:H7 (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Shiga Like Toxin Inactivates 60S ribosome (remove adenine from rRNA) Enhances cytokine release --> HUS Does no invade host cells
38
ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Heat-LABILE (LT) - overactivates adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP, increase CL and water secretion Heat-STABLE - overactivates guanylate cyclase, increased cGMP, decreased NaCl and H2O resorption Watery diarrhea results "Labile in the Air (Adenylate cyclase) Stable on the Ground (Guanylate cyclase)"
39
Bacillus anthracis (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Edema factor Mimics adenylate cyclase (increased cAMP) Edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
40
Vibrio cholerae (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Cholera toxin Permanently activates Gs (increased cAMP) Cl secretion and H2O efflux "Rice water" diarrhea
41
Bordetella pertussis (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Pertussis toxin ``` Disables Gi (increased cAMP) Inhibits phagocytosis ``` Whooping cough
42
Clostridium tetani (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Tatanospasmin Cleave SNARE and prevent release of GABA/glutamate Spastic paralysis "Lock jaw"
43
Clostridium botulinum (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Botulinum toxin Cleave SNARE and prevent release of ACh Flaccid paralysis "Floppy baby"
44
Clostridium perfringens (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Alpha toxin Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes Myonecrosis (gas gangrene) Hemolysis (double zone hemolysis)
45
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
Streptolysin O Protein that degrades cell membrane Lyse RBCs (beta-hemolysis) * host antibodies to streptolysin O (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever* * Exotoxin A can also cause toxic shock syndrome (superantigen)*
46
Staphylococcus aureus (Toxin, Mechanism, Manifestation)
TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin) Bring MHCII and TCR together without antigen resulting in superantigen with overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2 --> shock Toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock) * Exfoliative toxin causes scalded skin syndrome* * Enterotoxin causes food poisoning*
47
Septic shock (Mechanism, Major players, Manifestations)
Endotoxin=LPS found in gram negative bacteria (LIPID A) Release of LPS from lysis of gram - (or fungi) cause excessive release of TNF and IL-1 ``` Edema NO DIC/Death Outer membrane TNF O-antigen Xtremely heat stable Il-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis ```
48
Transformation (what is it?, what bacteria utilize?)
Take up naked DNA "Take this DNA and be TRANSFORMED" S. pneumo H. influenzae Neisseria "SHiN"
49
Conjugation
Bacteria sex (passing plasmids) F+ uses sex pilus (penis) to transfer DNA to F- (making it F+)
50
Transposition
DNA that can jump from one location to another | Can jump into plasmid and be transferred to another bacteria
51
Transduction
Transduced by a bacteriophage (virus) Generalized (Lytic phage): Phage infects, picks up some DNA, infects another and transfers genes Specialized (Lysogenic phage): viral DNA incorporates into chromosome, when excised, flanking gene excised with it, other bacteria then infected.
52
What bacterial toxins genes are encoded for by lysogenic phages (Specialized transduction)?
``` shigA-like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diptheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of Strep. pyogenes ``` "ABCDE"
53
Determination of coagulase - Staph
NOvobiocin test Saprophyticus is Resistant Epidermidis is Sensitive "on the office STAPH retreat there was NO StRESs"
54
Determination of alpha hemolytic Strep
Optochin test Viridans is Resistant Pneumoniae is Sensitive "OVRPS" (overpass)
55
Determination of beta hemolytic Strep
``` Bacitracin test group B (agalactiae) are Resistant group A (pyogenes) are Sensitive ``` "B-BRAS"
56
What are the beta-hemolytic bacteria?
staph. Aureus strep. Pyogenes strep. Agalactiae Listeria "I have A-PAL who's beta-hemolytic"
57
Staphylococcus aureus (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci in clusters (b/c catalase + can form fibrin clot around self leading to abcess) Protein A binds Fc-IgG (inhibits complement fixation/phagolysis) Skin infections, Organ abscess, Pneumonia Toxic shock syndrome, Scalded skin syndrome, Rapid onset food poisoning (toxin mediated) Acute bacterial endocarditis/osteomyelitis MRSA (altered penicillin binding protein)
58
Staphylococcus epidermidis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + Cocci (catalase+, coagulase -) Biofilms Prosthetic devices/catheters Contaminates blood cultures (normal skin flora)
59
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci (catalase -, alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive) ``` Encapsulated IgA protease (allows adherence to mucus membranes) ``` ``` "MOPS" Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis ``` "strep. pneumo MOPS are MOst OPtochin Sensitive"
60
Viridans strep (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci (alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant) Strep. sanguis=blood (endocarditis-sticks via glyocalyx) Strep. mutans=dental caries
61
Strep. pyogenes [group A] (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci (beta hemolytic, Bacitracin sensitive) Pyogenic - pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo Toxigenic - scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis Immunologic-rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis (antibodies to M protein help clear infection but cause)
62
What are the JONES criteria to diagnose rheumatic fever?
``` Joints - polyarthritis Heart - endocarditis Nodules - subcutaneous Erythema marginatum Sydenham's chorea ``` " (s. pyogenes) Pharyngitis can cause PHever and glomerulonePHritis"
63
Strep. agalactiae [group B] (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci, (beta hemolytic, Bacitracin resistant) CAMP factor (enlarges s. aureus hemolysis) colonizes vagina BABIES - pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis Hippurate test positive "group B for Babies"
64
Enterococci (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci, (no hemolysis) E. faecalis, E faecium Normal colonic flora UTI, biliary tract infections, endocarditis VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) important nocosomial
65
Strep bovis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + cocci (no hemolysis) Colonizes gut (bacteremia in colon cancer pt's) "Bovis in the Blood= Cancer in the Colon"
66
Corynebacterium diptheriae (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + Exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage ADP ribosylates EF-2 Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Lymphadenopathy Myocarditis (arrhythmia) Meta-chromatic granules Elek test for toxin
67
Clostridium tatani (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, spore forming Produces TETANOSPASMIN Cleaves SNARES and inhibits GABA/glycine release Spastic paralysis
68
Clostridium botulinum (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, spore forming Botulinum toxin cleaves SNAREs and inhibits ACh release Flaccid paralysis (floppy baby)
69
Clostridium perfringens (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, spore forming Alpha toxin (lecinthinase) Myonecrosis (gas gangrene) "PERFringens PERForates a gangrenous leg"
70
Clostridium difficile (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, spore forming Toxin A (enterotoxin) - binds brush border ``` Toxin B (cytotoxin) - destroys cytoskeleton of enterocytes PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (often secondary to clindamycin or ampicillin) ``` treat w/ metronidazole or vancomycin
71
Bacillus anthracis (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, Spore forming (Only bacteria with polypeptide capsule) Lethal factor/Edema factor - Cutaneous anthrax - black eschar Inhalation of spores - flu-like progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock (Woolsorter's disease - inhalation of spores in contaminated wool)
72
Bacillus cereus (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + Reheated rice - spores germinate and produce enterotoxin (cereulide) Diarrhea
73
Listeria monocytogenes (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + intracellular Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/deli meat "ACTIN ROCKETS"/tumbling motility Amnionitis, Septicemia, Spontaneous abortion Granulomatosis infantiseptica, Neonatal/Immunocompromised meningitis,
74
Actinomyces (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram + Long branching filaments (look like fungi) Normal oral flora Cause abscess that drain through sinus tract forming 'SULFUR GRANULES"
75
Nocardia (Morphology, Virulence, Disease)
Gram +, long branching filaments (look like fungi) Found in soil Immunocompromised - pulmonary infections Immunocompetent - skin infection after trauma
76
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ACID FAST Primary - Gohn complex in mid lung Secondary - Caseating granuloma in upper lung (reactivation) ``` Extrapulmonary: CNS (parenchymal tuberculoma or meningitis) Pott's disease (vertebral body) Lymphadenitis Renal GI ``` *PPD skin test - in sarcoidosis, immunocompromised, BCG vaccine*
77
TB symptoms
Fever Night sweats Weight loss Hemoptysis
78
Mycobacterium avium
ACID FAST Disseminated disease in AIDS prophylaxis with AZITHROMYCIN
79
Mycobacterium leprae
ACID FAST Infects skin and superficial nerves "glove and stockings" Armadillos - reservoir Lepromatous - Skin (contagious) Low cell mediated immunity - Humoral TH2 response Tuberculoid - few skin plaques High cell mediated immunity - TH1 response Treat with DAPSONE + RIFAMPIN + CLOFAZIMINE
80
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram - diplococci Produce IgA protease Ferments glucose (not maltose) ``` Gonorrhea Septic arthritis Neonatal conjunctivitis PID Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (post PID adhesions to liver) ```
81
Neisseria meningitidis
Gram - diplococci Produce IgA protease Ferments glucose AND maltose Meningitis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (bleed into adrenal glands)
82
Haemophilus influenzae
haEMOPhilus (usually vaccinated against) Epiglotitis (cherry red children) Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Culture of chocolate agar (requires factor V and X)
83
Legionella pneumophila
(lover water) Legionnaire's disease - pneumonia, fever, GI, CNS Pontiac fever - flu-like Use SILVER STAIN, grow on CHARCOAL yeast culture with IRON and CYSTINE "French Legionnaire with his SILVER helmet around a campfire (CHARCOAL) with his IRON dagger. He's no sissy (CYSTEIN)"
84
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PSEUDOmonas (loves water) ``` Pneumonia Sepsis External otitis UTI Diabetic osteomyelitis ``` Produces green/blue pigment w/ grapelike odor
85
EIEC
INVASIVE No toxins Bloody diarrhea
86
ETEC
TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA Heat labile (cAMP)/stabile toxin (cGMP) Watery diarrhea
87
EPEC
PEDS Adheres and interfere's with absorption
88
EHEC O157:H7
HEMOLYTIC UREMIA SYNDROME (anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure) Shiga-like toxin (inactivates 60S ribosome)
89
Klebsiella
Intestinal flora Lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated "Currant jelly sputum" - very mucoid w/ polysaccaride capsule
90
Salmonella typhi
Spreads hematogenously Invades and produces bloody diarrhea ``` TYPHOID FEVER (remain in gallbladder as carrier) red spots on abdomen fever headache diarrhea ```
91
Shigella
Produces shiga toxin - diarrhea Spreads cell to cell
92
Campylobacter jejuni
Bloody diarrhea in children Fecal oral through foods Can cause Guillain-barre and Reactive arthritis
93
Vibrio cholerae
RICE WATER DIARRHEA Cholera toxin permanently activates Gs
94
Yersinia enterocolitica
Pet feces (dog) Mesenteric adenitis can mimic Chrohn's or appendicitis
95
Helicobacter pylori
Risk for PUD, gastric adenocarcinoma, lymphoma Urease +
96
What are the common spirochetes?
BLT Borrelia Leptospira Treponema
97
Leptospira interrogans
Water contaminated with animal urine LEPTOSPIROSIS: flu, jaundice, photophobia, SURFERS Weil's disease - jaundice, liver and kidney dysfunction, fever, hemorrhage, anemia
98
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease Ixodes tick ``` Erythema chronicum migrans Neurologic (Bell's palsy) Cardiac (AV node involvement) Musculoskeletal CNS ```
99
Treponema pallidum
SYPHILIS (detected with VDRL) Primary- painless chancre Secondary - Rash on palms and soles, Codylomata lata Tertiary - Gummas, Neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis) Argyll Robertson pupil - constricts to accommodate but unreactive to light
100
Congenital syphilis
``` Saber shins Saddle nose CN VIII deafness Hutchinson's teeth Mulberry molars ```
101
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Flu-like syndrome after antibiotics are started in syphilis infection (due to lysed bacteria)
102
Gardnerella vaginalis
Vaginosis "Fishy smelling" gray vaginal discharge Clue cells
103
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tick bourne) Starts on WRISTS AND ANKLES Spreads to TRUNK, PALMS AND SOLES
104
Rickettsia prowazekii
tick borne (like RMSF) Starts on TRUNK (spares palms and soles)
105
What infections produce a rash on the palms and soles?
"you drive CARS using your palms and soles" Coxsackievirus A (hand, foot, and mouth) Rocky mountain spotted fever Syphilis
106
Chlamydiae trachomatis
Elementary body Enters cell by Endocytosis Reticulate body Replicates Types A-C: Conjunctivitis/Blindness (#1 cause) Types D-K: Urethritis, PID, neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough) Reactive arthritis
107
Chlamydiae pneumoniae
Causes atypical pneumonia
108
Mycoplasm pneumoniae
Atypical "walking" pneumonia HEADACHE NONPRODUCTIVE COUGH DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL INFILTRATE Cold agglutinins (IgM) Outbreaks in military recruits and prisons

Evan's Step 1 Prep Material (72 decks)

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