Classic Labs/Findings EC Flashcards
1
Q
Anti-centromere antibodies
A
Scleroderma (CREST)
2
Q
Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
A
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
3
Q
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
A
Goodpasture’s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
4
Q
Anti-histone antibodies
A
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
5
Q
IgM antibodies against Fc portion of IgG
A
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
6
Q
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
A
Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
7
Q
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
A
Vasculitis
c-ANCA (Wegener’s): granulomatosis w/ polyangitis
p-ANCA (Churg-Strauss): microscopic polyangitis
8
Q
Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
A
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
9
Q
Anti-platelet antibodies
A
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
10
Q
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
A
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
11
Q
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
A
Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
12
Q
“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray
A
Colorectal cancer (usually LEFT sided)
13
Q
Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
A
Auer rods (AML, esp. M3 type)
14
Q
Bacitracin response
A
Sensitive: Strep. pyogenes (group A)
Resistant: Strep. agalactiae (group B)
15
Q
“Bamboo spine” on x-ray
A
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
16
Q
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
17
Q
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
18
Q
Bloody tap on LP
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
19
Q
“Boot shaped” heart on x-ray
A
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
20
Q
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
A
Actinomyces israelii
21
Q
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A
Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome)
22
Q
“Brown” tumor of bone
A
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
23
Q
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
A
Chagas’ disease (T. cruzi)
24
Q
Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule
A
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
25
"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
26
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
27
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic Fibrosis (AR mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
28
Decreased alpha-fetaprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality
29
Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)
30
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
31
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma) can result in whorled mucous plugs
32
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary)
33
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
34
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"Owl's eye" appearance of CMV
35
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
"Orphan Annie's eyes" nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
36
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
37
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson's)
38
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
39
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Negri bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus)
40
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's)
41
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl's eye)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
42
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
43
"Hair on end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
44
hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
45
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
46
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
47
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
48
High level of D-dimers
DVT
PE
DIC
49
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (primary TB, mycobacterium bacilli)
50
"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
51
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau's syndrome (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung)
52
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms
folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms
53
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn's syndrome (aldosterone producing adenoma)
54
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Lead poisoning
Thalassemia
55
Increase alpha-fetaprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid or maternal serum
Dating error
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
56
Increased uric acid levels
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome
Loop and thiazide diuretics
57
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
58
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increase chance of mesothelioma)
59
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
60
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation- mutation in LYST -microtubule defect)
61
"Lead-pipe"appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
62
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane
Goodpasture's syndrome
63
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
64
"Lumpy Bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
65
Lytic bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
66
Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
67
Monoclonal antibody spike
```
Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA)
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (M-protein=IgM)
Primary amyloidosis
```
68
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (found in ovary secondary to gastric carcinoma)
69
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
70
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's: c-ANCA +)
Goodpasture's syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
71
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
72
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic neuropathy)
73
Novobiocin response
Sensitive: Staph epidermidis
Resistant: Staph saprophyticus
74
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
75
"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
76
Optochin response
Sensitive: Strep pneumoniae
Resistant: Viridans streptococcus
77
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
78
Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on EM
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
79
Polished "ivory like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
80
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease) and Pick's bodies (Pick's disease)
81
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mesothelioma
Papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium/ovary
82
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
83
RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
84
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
85
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
86
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
87
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
88
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
Toxo. gondii
| CNS lymphoma
89
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)
90
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
91
"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (benign)
92
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
93
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation (High ESR, multiple myeloma)
94
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardenerella vaginalis)
95
"Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
96
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
97
"Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
98
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
99
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
100
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
101
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end-stage renal disease
102
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
103
WBCs that look "smudged" ("Smudge cells")
CLL (almost always B cells)
104
"Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Lupus nephropathy
105
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
106
Squamous metaplasia of conjunctiva
Bitot spot (seen in vit. A deficiency)
