Goljan High Yield 36 General EC Flashcards
Physiologic effects of hemorrhage
drop in diastolic blood pressure, activation of RAA system from decreased renal blood flow and catecholamine stimulation, catecholamine release from the high pressure baroreceptors, increased reabsorption of sodium from the kidneys, release of ANP, release of ADH
Opportunistic infections in AIDS
Pneumocystis CMV Cryptococcus MAI TB Herpes (esophagitis) Candida (thrush, esophagitis) Cryptosporidium (acid fast; diarrhea)
Decreased uptake of DOPA and NOR
Cocaine
Produces thymidine dimers
UVB light
If thymidine dimers not replaced with normal DNA by DNA repair enzymes, may result in cancer
ESR increase with age
Probably abnormal and indicates a disease process rather than being an age-related finding
Key elements in wound healing
Granulation Tissue and fibronectin
MCC of death in 15-25 age bracket
Motor vehicle
Homicide for black male
AR disease with absent DNA repair enzymes and increased incidence of UVB related skin cancer
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Inhibited by CO and cyanide
Cytochrome oxidase
XR disease with absent NADPH oxidase, absent respiratory burst, cannot kill catalase + S. aureus but can kill catalase negative strep
Chonic granulomatous disease
Type of necrosis in acute MI
Coagulation necrosis
Cause of atrophy in muslce
In a cast
Lack of muscle stimulation
Non-disjunction in somatic cells
Mosaicism
Mother gives disease to all her kids but son to none of his kids
Mitochondrial inheritance
MC vitamin deficiency in alcoholics
folate
MC metal deficiency in alcoholics
Magnesium
Vitamin associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase
Thiamin (required to make ATP)
NADPH oxidase conversion of molecular oxygen into superoxide free radicals. PMNs and monocytes only (no macrophages)
Respiratory burst
In Caisson disease, what is decreased when a diver comes up too quickly
pressure of N2 in blood since it forms bubbles in the vessels and moves into tissue
DES exposure, vaginal adenosis precursor
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
What happens to the other kidney if one is damaged
It undergoes hypertrophy
Decreases the levels of vit K dependent factors, increased incidence of hemorrhagic strokes, potentiates the action of warfarin
Vit E toxicity
Required for carboxylase reaction in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate
Biotin
Involved in transamination reactions involving AST and ALT
Pyridoxine (B6)
Functions of ANP
opposite of ang-II
(inhibition of ADH release, inhibits ATII effect on stimulating thirst, inhibits aldosterone secretion, inhibits renal reabsorption of Na, and inhibits renin release
Chance of male with CF having a child. What about female?
<5% since the vas deferens never fully develop or are atretic
Females with CF can get pregnant but it is difficult owing to the thick cervical mucus
Vitamin supplements in CF
all of the fat soluble vitamins (D,A,E,K)
Woman is a pure vegan and is breast feeding her baby and the baby develops anemia
B12 deficiency
What does EBV attach to on B cells?
CD21
Hypogonadism, mental retardation, and unilateral gynecomastia
Klinefelter syndrome
Hypogonadism and color blindness
Kallman syndrome (absent GnRH)
Hypogonadism, mental retardation, retinitis pigmentosum
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
Male with hypogonadism, mental retardation, short stature, and webbed neck
Noonan syndrome (similar to Turner’s syndrome)
Hypogonadism and anosmia
Kallmann syndrome
Male pseudohermaphrodite with cryptorchidism
testicular feminization (absent androgen receptors (sex-linked recessive)
Most common cause of male pseudohermaphroditism
Microdeletion syndrome with hypogonadism, mental retardation, short stature, and obesity
Prader-Willi syndrome
Ch 15 deletion is of paternal origin
Patient with neurofibromatosis has severe diastolic hypertension
Pheochromocytoma
Complications of cyclophosphamide
hemorrhagic cystitis and transitional carcinoma of the bladder
Decline in deaths due to SIDS
Having baby sleep supine
(babies rebreathe their own CO2, those with immature central chemoreceptors do not respond to the respiratory acidosis by moving their heads and die)
Most important risk factor for increased morbidity/mortality in a single 25 year old black male
Unprotected sex
(AIDS #1 killer in this age bracket; also applies to women regardless of age, but not white men, where MVAs are #1 killer)
Several employees that work in a car assembly plant present with headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and abdominal cramps
Lead poisoning from incineration of batteries; may change history to people making moonshine in an old car radiator
Newborn female presents with edema of the hands and feet and a cystic mass in the neck
Turner’s syndrome with a 45 XO karyotype
Compare to mature breast milk, cow’s milk has . . .
More vit K, B12, & Casein
Less ascorbic acid
(breast milk has low iron but it is better absorbed; casein is the key protein in cow’s milk, while whey is the primary protein in breast milk)
Vitamin that is absent in colostrum
Vit D
Anemia in an infant that develops when switched from cow’s milk to goat’s milk
Goat’s milk is low in folate, B6, iron
High in K, Cl, arachidonic acids, and linoleic acids
(when compared to cows milk)
Type of UV light with the greatest potential for producing a corneal burn
UVB
B is Bad
Retinal hemorrhages in young children
Possible child abuse (shaking syndrome)
Patient is stung by a bee and begins to have respiratory difficulty, flushing, and abdominal cramping. Treatment?
Aqueous epinephrine
Multiple wheals that later develop into vesicles and pustules
Fire ant bites
Painful bite (carrying some logs from outside, moving boxes in basement) followed by crampy pain in the thighs and abdomen
Black widow bite
Treat with muscle relaxant [Ca gluconate], tetanus prophylaxis, antivenin if available in severe case
In southwest, painful sting followed by local itching, paresthesias, N/V, and hypertesion
Scorpion bite
Painless bite beginning with a slightly tender red papular lesion on the arm that latter forms a hemorrhagic blister surrounded by purpura
Brown recluse spider bite
Extremely pruritic discrete, bright red papules on legs around the waist
Chigger bites
Child who ingested 30 adults aspirins will most likely develop
increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
(children unlike adults do not commonly develop mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis)
Treatment is to perform gastric lavage and add activated charcoal and to produce an alkaline urine for the increase excretion of the acid
What disease is more likely to infect the fetus after the first trimester
Syphilis
Engineer driving a train involved in a crash with an oncoming train was found to have THC metabolites in his urine- why did this occur
Delayed reaction time
it also impairs the ability to judge speed and distances
Angiosarcoma of the liver-causes?
Vinyl chloride
Arsenic
Thorotrast
Cardiovascular age dependent changes
loss of elasticity of aorta
Respiratory age dependent changes
obstructive findings
Musculoskeletal age dependent changes
Osteoarthritis
CNS age dependent changes
cataracts, presbycusis (inner ear degeneration) otosclerosis (conductive hearing loss) decreased smell and taste arcus senilis
Immune system age dependent changes
Increased CD4
Decreased CD8
Increased autoantibodies
Decreased cellular immunity
Integument age dependent changes
Loss of elasticity Increased collagen cross bridges Increased body fat Ecchymoses from vessel instability Decreased skin turgor
Reproductive age dependent changes
Breast and vulvovaginal atrophy
decreased serum estrogens and increased gonadotropins
Testicular atrophy with decreased testosterone levels, prostate hyperplasia
Renal age dependent changes
Decrease GFR (40%) Decreased creatinine clearance (important in dosing drugs to avoid toxicity)
Endocrine age dependent changes
Increased carbohydrate intolerance (less insulin receptors from increased adipose)
Target organs for acetaminophen injury
liver and kidneys (renal medulla)
Free radical injury
Low AFP
Down syndrome
Block phospholipase A2 hence decreasing prostaglandin and leukotriene production
Decrease leukocyte adhesion (increase PMNs, decrease lymphocytes and eosinophils)
Corticosteroids
Tumor marker that is a gene product (oncofetal antigen). Hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors, )yolk sac or endodermal sinus tumors of testicle or ovary). Testicular/ovarian cancer.
AFP
Tumor marker that is an enzyme. Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac or endodermal sinus tumors of testicle or ovary
AAT
Tumor marker that is a hormone. Trophoblastic tumor in germ cell tumors of ovary/testis and placenta (benign=hyatidiform mole) (malignant=choriocarcinoma)
b-HCG
Tumor marker that is a protein. Small cell carcinoma of the lung, neuroblastoma
Bombesin
Tumor marker that is a protein. Multiple myeloma (excellent prognostic factor). Light chains in urine (Bence Jones protein)
B2-microglobulin
Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in breast cancer
CA 15-3
Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in pancreatic cancer (excellent marker)
CA 19-9
Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in surface derived ovarian cancer
CA 125
Tumor marker that is a gene product (oncofetal antigen) in colorectal, pancreatic, breast, and SCC of the lung.
CEA
Bad prognostic sign if elevated preoperatively (greater incidence of undetected metastases)
Tumor marker that is an enzyme in Hodgkin’s disease (non-specific tumor marker in general)
LDH
Tumor marker that is an enzyme in SCC of the lung, and neuroblastoma
NSE (neuron specific enolase)
Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein in prostate adenocarcinoma.
PSA
Excellent sensitivity but poor specificity (increased in prostate hyperplasia)
Excellent indicator of tumor burden.
Not increased after rectal exam
Virus associated with adults T cell leukemia/lymphoma
HTLV-1 (RNA)
Virus associated with hairy cell leukemia
HTLV-2 (RNA)
RNA virus associated with CNS malignant lymphoma
HIV
RNA virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
HCV
Virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV
aflatoxin B a cocarcinogen
DNA virus associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and polyclonal malignant lymphoma
EBV
DNA virus associated with SCC of the cervix, vagina, vulva, and anus in homosexuals. Laryngeal papillomas (may progress to cancer)
HPV (16&18)
DNA virus associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma
HSV-8
EM of zebra bodies in lysosomes in Niemann Pick disease
look like lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes