Ch2 Growth Alterations EC

Question 1

Causes of atrophy

Answer 1

Decreased hormone stimulation (ie. hypopituitarism)
Decreased innervation (ie ALS)
Decreased blood flow (ie cerebral atrophy in atherosclerosis)
Decreased nutrients (ie marasmus)

Question 2

Compression atrophy

Answer 2

Increased luminal pressure
(ie hydronephrosis)
(ie pancreas in CF)

Question 3

Autophagy

Answer 3

Enzyme degradation of organelles

Vacuoles with organelles fuse with lysosomes

Question 4

Brown atrophy

Answer 4

Increased lipofuscin in cells (undigested lipid)

Question 5

Three mechanisms of atrophy

Answer 5

Autophagy
Apoptosis
Decreased protein synthesis/Increased protein degradation

Question 6

Remaining kidney postnephrectomy

Answer 6

Undergoes compensatory hypertrophy

Question 7

CMV hypertrophy of cell

Answer 7

Increase Fe uptake causing increased cell growth

Question 8

Five causes of hyperplasia

Answer 8

Increased hormone stimulation (ie endometrial hyperplasia)
Chronic irritation (bronchial mucus glands in smokers)
Chemical imbalance (hypocalcemia-parathyroid hypertrophy)
Stimulating antibodies (Grave's disease)
Viral infections (HPV)

Question 9

Labile cells

Answer 9

Continuously divide (bone marrow stem cells)

Question 10

Stable cells

Answer 10

Resting in G0, can re-enter cell cycle if stimulated

hepatocytes, astrocytes, SM cells

Question 11

Permanent cells

Answer 11

Cannot divide

neurons, skeletal/cardiac muscle

Question 12

Squamous to glandular epithelium

Answer 12

Metaplasia due to acid reflux in distal esophagus (Barrett’s)

Question 13

Presence of Paneth cells in stomach

Answer 13

Metaplasia due to H. pylori

Question 14

Glandular to squamous epithelium

Answer 14

Bronchus in smokers

Endocervix

Question 15

Transitional to squamous epithelium

Answer 15

Schistosoma haematobium infection of urinary bladder

Question 16

Mesenchymal metaplasia

Answer 16

Bone developing in areas of muscle trauma

Question 17

Mechanism of metaplasia

Answer 17

Reprogramming stem cells to utilize progeny cells with different gene expression

Question 18

Is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 18

Usually

Question 19

Risk factor of HPV

Answer 19

Squamous dysplasia of the cervix

Question 20

Risk factor of cigarette smoke

Answer 20

Squamous dysplasia of the bronchus

Question 21

Risk factor of UV light, chronic irritation, or 3rd degree burn

Answer 21

Squamous dysplasia

Question 22

What characterizes dysplasia?

Answer 22

Disorderly proliferation of cells

Increased mitotic activity

Question 23

Is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 23

Sometimes if stimulus removed