Ch2 Growth Alterations EC Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of atrophy

A

Decreased hormone stimulation (ie. hypopituitarism)
Decreased innervation (ie ALS)
Decreased blood flow (ie cerebral atrophy in atherosclerosis)
Decreased nutrients (ie marasmus)

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2
Q

Compression atrophy

A

Increased luminal pressure
(ie hydronephrosis)
(ie pancreas in CF)

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3
Q

Autophagy

A

Enzyme degradation of organelles

Vacuoles with organelles fuse with lysosomes

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4
Q

Brown atrophy

A

Increased lipofuscin in cells (undigested lipid)

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5
Q

Three mechanisms of atrophy

A

Autophagy
Apoptosis
Decreased protein synthesis/Increased protein degradation

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6
Q

Remaining kidney postnephrectomy

A

Undergoes compensatory hypertrophy

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7
Q

CMV hypertrophy of cell

A

Increase Fe uptake causing increased cell growth

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8
Q

Five causes of hyperplasia

A
Increased hormone stimulation (ie endometrial hyperplasia)
Chronic irritation (bronchial mucus glands in smokers)
Chemical imbalance (hypocalcemia-parathyroid hypertrophy)
Stimulating antibodies (Grave's disease)
Viral infections (HPV)
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9
Q

Labile cells

A

Continuously divide (bone marrow stem cells)

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10
Q

Stable cells

A

Resting in G0, can re-enter cell cycle if stimulated

hepatocytes, astrocytes, SM cells

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11
Q

Permanent cells

A

Cannot divide

neurons, skeletal/cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Squamous to glandular epithelium

A

Metaplasia due to acid reflux in distal esophagus (Barrett’s)

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13
Q

Presence of Paneth cells in stomach

A

Metaplasia due to H. pylori

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14
Q

Glandular to squamous epithelium

A

Bronchus in smokers

Endocervix

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15
Q

Transitional to squamous epithelium

A

Schistosoma haematobium infection of urinary bladder

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16
Q

Mesenchymal metaplasia

A

Bone developing in areas of muscle trauma

17
Q

Mechanism of metaplasia

A

Reprogramming stem cells to utilize progeny cells with different gene expression

18
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Usually

19
Q

Risk factor of HPV

A

Squamous dysplasia of the cervix

20
Q

Risk factor of cigarette smoke

A

Squamous dysplasia of the bronchus

21
Q

Risk factor of UV light, chronic irritation, or 3rd degree burn

A

Squamous dysplasia

22
Q

What characterizes dysplasia?

A

Disorderly proliferation of cells

Increased mitotic activity

23
Q

Is dysplasia reversible?

A

Sometimes if stimulus removed