MET2 Histology Qs (Kidney; liver; endocrine) Flashcards
Label A-C
What is the cell structure like of bile ducts?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified columnar
What is the cell structure like of bile ducts?
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified columnar
Label A-C
Sinusoids have:
continuous endothelium
discontinuous endothelium
fenestrated endothelium
Sinusoids have:
continuous endothelium
discontinuous endothelium
fenestrated endothelium
Label A-C of liver histology
.
Canaliculi are joined by which type of junctions between adjacent hepatocytes?
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Fascia Adherens
Tight junctions
Canaliculi are joined by which type of junctions between adjacent hepatocytes?
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Fascia Adherens
Tight junctions
Label A&B
Which pathology is depicted here?
Cholecystitis
Cholestasis
Steatosis
Cirrhosis
Which pathology is depicted here?
Cholecystitis
Cholestasis
Steatosis
Cirrhosis
Label these parts of the pituitary gland
A: hypothalamus
B: pituitary stalk
C: posterior pitiutary
D: anterior pituitary
Which one of these is AP and PP? [2]
Which part is AP and PP? [2]
AP
X
Label these cells of anterior pit [3]
.
Which AP cells are which on the masson trichrome? [2]
Posterior Pit:
Posterior Pituitary
:)
Label A of PP
Herring Bodies
What are the 3 divisions of the adrenal cortex? [3]
- Glomerulosa (near capsule)
- Fasiculata
- Reticularis (near medulla)
Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]
Zona fasciculata (tell by the lipid nature)
Secretes: glucorticoids such as cortisol
Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]
Zona reticularis (dark staining)
secretes sex hormones: oestrogen and testosterone
Which adrenal cortex zone is this? [1]
What does it secrete? [1]
Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
Label A-C
A: zona glomerulosa
B: zona reticularis
C: zona fasciculata
Label A
Central vein
What is pheochromocytoma?
Name 3 symptoms
- Grows from the chromaffin cells
- Most are benign only about 10% metastasise
to other parts of the body - Very rare (8 people per 1 million) * Classic triad of episodic (in around 30%)
- Headaches
- Sweating
-
Tachycardia
due to increased adrenaline release - Fine granular cytoplasm can be deeply basophilic
- Granules are filled with catecholamines
- Nuclei round or oval with one or more nucleoli
Label A1 and A2 B C
A1: Follicles
A2: colloid (and a central mass of follicles)
B: Follicular epithelial cells
C: LCT
FYI
Normal Thyroid on left
Graves on right: Clear vacuoles in colloid next to epithelium where increased activity of epithelium has used colloid to make thyroid hormone
Explain characterisitcs of Hashimoto thyroidosis
- Autoimmune disease of T
- Causes hypothyrodism due to destruction of TSH receptor
- Lympocyte infiltration occurs
What are two types of cells in parathyroid gland? [2]
What are their functions? [2]
How can you tell apart
What are two types of cells in parathyroid gland? [2]
Oxyphil cells function unknown, large, fewer, small acidophilic cytoplasm with many mito
Chief cells: produce PTH, prominent central nuclei surroundered by pale cytoplasm
A: chief cells
B: oxyphil cells
Identify the clusters of chief cells (CC), which secrete PTH. Also, identify oxyphil cells (OC), which are larger and paler staining than the chief cells.
Where do you find alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells in islet of Langerhans?
Alpha: periperhy
Beta: Centre
Delta: scattered
Which of the following is the PCT?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the PCT?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the mesengial cell?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the PCT?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the podocyte?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the podocyte?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the bowmans space?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the bowmans space?
A
B
C
D
E
Label A-E of renal corpsucle
A: podocyte
B: Bowmans space
C: Foot process (of podocytes)
D: basement membrane
E: endothelial cell
Describe the structure of the podocyte foot processes [2]
Podocytes extend processes that surround the capillaries
These processes form secondary processes called foot processes
How are PCT cells specialised to have increased absorbtion? [1]
How can you tell PCT cells are PCT cells? [1]
Apical brush border
Large, deeply eosinophilic and some do not have nuclei visible
Label A-C
A: PCT
B: thin limb
C: thick ascending
How do you distinguish cells from LoH compared to PCT cells?
Question will say is from medulla of kidney
PCT: has brush border and smaller diameter
LoH: no brush border and much bigger diameter. cuboidal cell
How do you distinguish cells from the DCT? [3]
- smaller more lightly stained c.f. PCT
- more nuclei can be seen
- lack of brush border
- (less of them because DCT is smaller section of nephron)
Label A&B
A: PCT
B: DCT
Label A&B
A: DCT
B: PCT
Label A-C
A: PCT
B: mesengial cells
C: DCT
Which of the following are PCT and DCT?
Label A&B
A: DCT
B: PCT
Describe the different layers of the ureter [3]
- an inner longitudinal layer smooth muscle
- an outer circular layer of smooth muscle
- lumen of the ureter is covered by transitional epithelium
Describe the different layers of the bladder [2]
- transitional epithelium
- disordered smooth muscle below
Urethra:
Both male and female lined with [] which becomes [] at the terminal portion
Both male and female lined with transitional epithelium which becomes stratified squamous at the terminal portion
Describe pathophysiology of minimal change disease
Glomerulus appears norma under light microscopel but under electron microscope: loss of foot processes of the podocytes and glomerular filtration barrier
Loss of albumin: causes peripheral oedema, pitting oedema, puffy face and overall unwell
Describe pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy
- Linked to high glucose
- Caused by thickening of basement membrane and matrix: causes stretching of podocytes and endothelial cells
- this creates Kimmelstiel–Wilson nodules
- creates micro-aneursyms: more likely to get blood plasma and albumin in the filtrate
- finally causes lipohyaline cap deposits and hyalinosis of afferent and efferent arterioles
Describe pathophysiology of Glomerulonephritis
- Membranous glomerulonephritis characterised by thickening of glomerular basement membrane due to presence of subepithelial immune deposits
- caused by autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and production of self antigen antibodies beind deposited in the kidney:
- The deposition of the immune complex at the glomerular membrane is responsible for the inflammatory reaction at the glomerulus
Transitional
Smooth muscle. Contracts to expel urine from the bladder. Smooth muscle layers are arranged in multiple directions in the bladder whereas the layers in the ureter have more defined orientations.
Smooth muscle. Contracts to expel urine from the bladder. Smooth muscle layers are arranged in multiple directions in the bladder whereas the layers in the ureter have more defined orientations.
PCT
PCT
