CR EOYS5 Flashcards
A patient’s investigations reveal pancytopenia and macrocytosis. His peripheral smear shows hyper-segmented neutrophils. Serological tests reveal positive anti intrinsic factor antibodies. What other biochemical derangements might be observed in this patient?
A. Increased plasma metanephrines
B. Elevated ferritin levels
C. Increased urinary 5-hydroxytryptamine
D. Elevated plasma homocysteine
A patient’s investigations reveal pancytopenia and macrocytosis. His peripheral smear shows hyper-segmented neutrophils. Serological tests reveal positive anti intrinsic factor antibodies. What other biochemical derangements might be observed in this patient?
D. Elevated plasma homocysteine
This patient likely has megaloblastic anemia due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is an essential co-factor involved in two important enzymes. One of these enzymes is methionine synthase, which converts homocysteine to methionine. The deficiency of cobalamin will lead to the impaired functioning of this enzyme. This will result in an accumulation of homocysteine which can be detected in the blood.
Which is the most common?
ASD
VSD
PDA
Coarctation of the aorta
Which is the most common?
ASD
VSD
PDA
Coarctation of the aorta
Explain what bundle branch block is [1]
Which part of ECG can see bundle branch block occur in? [1]
Explain what bundle branch block is [1]
Disruption to the electrical signal that causes your heart to beat [0.5]
Causes altered pathways for depolarisation [0.5]
Which part of ECG can see bundle branch block occur in? [1]
Prolongs QRS
Which views of the heart are seen by each type of ECG lead on a standard 12-lead ECG? [4]
- *S**eptal: V1, V2
- *A**nterior: V3, V4
- *L**ateral: V5, V6, AVL, I
- *I**nferior: II, III, AVF
AVR: neutral
What is concentric hypertrophy characterised by visually? [1]
How does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]
When does concentric hypertrophy occur? [2]
What does concentric hypertrophy cause to happen and why? [1]
What is concentric hypertrophy characterised by visually? [1]
- Increased wall thickness / reduced lumen of ventricle
How does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]
- New sarcomeres produced
When does concentric hypertrophy occur? [1]
- Aortic stenosis
- Chronic hypertension
What does concentric hypertrophy cause to happen and why? [1]
- Decreases pre-load due to reduction in compliance (stiff)
Eccentric hypertrophy:
- Caused by? [4]
- Characterised by? [2]
Eccentric hypertrophy:
Caused by? [1]
- Aortic and mitral regurgitation
- Systolic dysfunction (loss of cardiac inotrophy
- -Volume overload (hypervolaemia due to ventricular or renal failure)
- Alcohol / cocaine
Characterised by? [2]
- Chamber dilation - lumen gets bigger, wall gets smaller: cant contract properly
Which of the following forms the right ventricle?
Truncus ateriosus Bulbus cordis Sinus venosus Primitive ventricle Primitive atria
Which of the following forms the right ventricle?
Truncus ateriosus **Bulbus cordis** Sinus venosus Primitive ventricle Primitive atria
Which of the following forms the ventricular outflow tracts?
Truncus ateriosus Bulbus cordis Sinus venosus Primitive ventricle Primitive atria
Which of the following forms the ventricular outflow tracts?
Truncus ateriosus **Bulbus cordis** Sinus venosus Primitive ventricle Primitive atria
Label this xx
Tetralogy of Fallot is comprimised of which 4 heart defects/
- Ventricular septal defect
- Overriding Aorta: aorta is positioned above the VSD
- Pulmonary stenosis (narrowing)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
What is persistant truncus arteriosus? [2]
Spiral structure doesn’t form in truncus arteriosus: one common outflow tract. Both L & R ventricle pump into same outflow tract [1]
A large VSD (ventricular septal defect) below the truncal valve allows mixing of right and left ventricular blood [1]
Which structures of the heart are formed from the bulbus cordis?
The smooth outfow of the left and right ventricles. The muscular right ventricle. The muscular intraventricular septum.
Which complications are associated with a patent truncus arteriosus?
A large ventricular septal defect. Progressive heart failure. Degree of cyanosis is variable.
How would you ID acute myeloid leukemia? (AML)
- A heterogeneous population of myeloblasts with cells ranging from small to medium-sized to large. Note presence of a few maturing myeloid elements.
- Large myeloblasts with prominent nucleoli. Maturing myeloid elements i.e. neutrophils or eosinophils.
How would you ID chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from PBS and BMS?
- PBS: Mature-appearing lymphocytes with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, with scant agranular cytoplasm and homogeneously condensed chromatin without nucleoli. Characteristic “soccer ball’ chromatin pattern. Numerous smudge cells
- BMS: tissue is displaced by nodular and interstitial aggregates of clonal B cells.