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Yr 2 EOYS > HD EOYS9 > Flashcards

HD EOYS9 Flashcards

1
Q

What pathology causes this slide from testis [1]

Explain your answer [1]

A

The seminiferous tubules contain Sertoli cells, but none of the characteristic cells of spermatogenesis. Abundant Leydig cells remain in the interstitium.

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2
Q

What is the name for this surgery? [1]

A

Orchiectomy

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3
Q

What is the name for this surgery? [1]

A

Orchidopexy

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4
Q

What is the name for this surgery? [1]

A

Orchidopexy

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5
Q

Which hormone has the following role:

inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content [1]

A

Inhibin

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6
Q

Which of the following type of Nonseminomatous Testicular Tumors causes high hCG

Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Embryonal Carcinoma

A

Which of the following type of Nonseminomatous Testicular Tumors causes high hCG

Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Embryonal Carcinoma

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7
Q

A 16-year-old patient presents with increasing testicular pain of 1-month duration. On exam, a left testicular mass is identified. A radical orchiectomy was performed, and the testicular mass was found to have a stroma that was infiltrated with numerous lymphocytes along with extensive hemorrhage and necrosis. Light microscopy reveals a diffuse sheet-like pattern of cells. Which of the following diagnoses is the most likely given this description?

A. Seminoma
B. Embryonal carcinoma
C. Leydig cell tumor
D. Choriocarcinoma

A

A. Seminoma

Seminoma is the most common pure germ cell tumor and is predominantly found in white populations.

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8
Q

Which two markers are rasied in non-seminoma cancers? [2]

A

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and/or beta-hCG are elevated in 80-85%

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9
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Semineferous tubules
B: Tunica albuginea
C: Epididymis

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis [5]

A

Spermatogenesis:
* Division of spermatognia into more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes via meiosis
* Spermatogonia remain in the basal compartment
* Primary spermatocytes migrate away from the basement membrane and cross in the adjuminal comparment towards the lumen of the ST
* Primary spermatocytes then enter meiosis (prolonged prophase) - which faciliates the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
* First division creates secondary spermatocytes with 23 pairs of chromosomes
* Secondary spermatocytes divide into haploid spermatids

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12
Q

Name the two stages of spermatogenesis [2]

A

Spermatogenesis (Spermatogenesis is the process by which an undifferentiated spermatogonium develops into a spermatid)
Spermiogenesis (Spermiogenesis is the process by which a spermatid matures into a spermatozoan)

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13
Q

What is the final product of spermatogenesis? [1]

A

Haploid spermatid

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14
Q

Describe the role of sertoli cells:

  • Structurally [1]
  • Which molecules does it produce? [2]
A
  • synthesize androgen-binding protein: keeps testosterone levels high in the ST
  • Structural and chemical support to the developing spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids: forms barrier stopping sperm
  • produce inhibin: controls amount of FSH produced
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15
Q

Why is there no testosterone produced in prepuberty testis? [1]

A

No FSH produced so no testosterone produced

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16
Q

Where in the testis do sperm become mobile? [1]

A

Epididymis

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the ducuts / vas deferens

A
  • Muscular wall comprised of: Inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
  • Pseudostratified cells bearing stereocilia
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18
Q

Seminal vesicles are glandular sacs that produce a secretion that composes 80% of the seminal fluid. Name three productst that are in the secretion produced by the seminal vesicles

A

Contains fructose, fibrinogen, and prostaglandins (energy for sperm; keeps seminal fluid liquid)

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19
Q

The prostate produces a secretory product containing what? [2]

A

Citric acid and proteolytic enzymes that prevent coagulation of semen and break down female mucus

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20
Q

In which condition would you see atrophic testis? [1]

A

Atrophic testes occur in cryptorchidism, when testis fail to descend into the scrotum

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21
Q

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate: which part of the prostate does it occur in? [1]

A

Transitional zone has proliferation and hypertrophy

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22
Q

Adenocarcinoma prostate:

Occurs in which zone of the prostate? [1]
How does is it present histopathologically/ [1]

A

peripheral zone w/ adenocarnioma

Note the malignant glands are generally smaller than benign glands

Benign: L; Malignant: R

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23
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion? [3]

A

Treatment
* Detorsion
* Orchidopexy (surgical procedure that moves an undescended testicle into the scrotum). Plus contralateral side check
* Orchiectomy (a surgical procedure to remove one or both testicles) 42% during surgical evaluation

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24
Q

What are the two types of testicular cancer & where do they originate? [2]

Which is more common? [1]

Which is more likely to metastasise? [1]

A

Seminomas:
* Originate in germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules (germ cells)
* More common

Non-seminmomas
* Yolk sac, embryonal cell, choriocarcinoma and teratomas
* More likely to metastasise

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25
Q

Which part of the testis changes during testicular cancer and how does it present? [1]

A

Seminiferous tubule becomes full of proliferating spermatogonia

26
Q

Label A-F

A
27
Q

Label A-C

A
28
Q

Identify A, B, C, and D in this image of the germinal epithelium.

A

A = Leydig cell, B = spermatozoa, C = primary spermatocyte, D = spermatogonium

29
Q

Label A-D out of:

BPE
Adenocarcinoma
Normal
prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)

A

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: PIN
D: BPH: Histological studies have demonstrated both glandular and stromal proliferation.

30
Q

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

A

A: adenocarcinoma

The malignant glands in the lower left show macronucleoli in contrast to the benign glands on the upper right side. However, one has to be cautious.

31
Q

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

A

Adenocarcinoma

This focus of prostate cancer has all the essential histologic features - small crowded glands lined by a single layer of cells, nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, and intraluminal blue mucin. A benign gland is partially visible at the lower right side of the image. Contrast its nuclear size to those of adjacent malignant glands.

32
Q

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

A

A: adenocarcinoma

Glomerulations are an architectural feature that are usually associated with carcinoma in a prostate needle biopsy. Similar structures may rarely be seen in benign prostate glands. They consist of an aggregate of tumor cells that projects into the lumen of a larger malignant gland creating a superficial resemblance to a renal glomerulus.

33
Q

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

A

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

34
Q

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

A

What does this slide depict?

A: adenocarcinoma
B: normal
C: prostatic intraepithelial (PIN)
D: BPH

35
Q
A

TL: BPE
TR: Adenomcarcinoma
BL: Normal
BR: PIN

36
Q

Put these in order of their gleason score [3]

A

C: Gleason score 3
B: Gleason score 2
A: Gleason score 1

37
Q

what are the layers of fascia found in the urogenital triangle?

A

(pelvic floor muscles)

perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

(fascia of pelvic floor)

38
Q

which of the following prevents the prolapse of heavy organs such as bladder and uterus?

perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

A

which of the following prevents the prolapse of heavy organs such as bladder and uterus?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

39
Q

which of the following contains the external genitalia?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

A

which of the following contains the external genitalia?

​perineal membrane
deep perineal pouch
superficial perineal pouch
​deep perineal fascia
superficial perineal fascia

40
Q

which of the following is most superficial?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following is most superficial?

​deep perineal fascia ​
​perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

41
Q
A
42
Q

which of the following is the space in the urogenital triangle found between the fascia of the pelvic floor muscles and perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

A

which of the following is the space in the urogenital triangle found between the fascia of the pelvic floor muscles and perineal membrane?

​deep perineal fascia ​
perineal membrane
superficial perineal fascia
superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

43
Q

the clitoris is analagous to which part of the penis?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

A

the clitoris is analagous to which part of the penis?

corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernersa
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

44
Q

what are the 3 nerve branches of the perineum? [3] what do they supply [3]

A

Inferior rectal - supplies the external anal sphincter and inferior anal canal

Perineal - supplies the anterior perineum

Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris - supplies the external genitalia

45
Q

The pudendal nerve can be located clinically by palpating for the WHAT? [1]

A

The pudendal nerve can be located clinically by palpating for the ischial spine, as the nerve loops around it posteriorly.

46
Q

Atherosclerosis of which artery is most likely to cause erectile dysfunction?

Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Inferior rectal artery
Internal iliac artery
Perineal artery

A

Atherosclerosis of which artery is most likely to cause erectile dysfunction?

Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Inferior rectal artery
Internal iliac artery
​Perineal artery

The penile artery arises from the internal pudendal artery, which. arises from the internal iliac artery.

47
Q

Spermatozoa are produced in the:

vas (ductus) deferens.
rete testis
epididymis
tunica albuginea
seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatozoa are produced in the:

vas (ductus) deferens.
rete testis
epididymis
tunica albuginea
​seminiferous tubules

48
Q

label A & B [2]

A

A: gubernaculum
B: processus vaginalis

49
Q

which of the following is the Tunica vaginalis

1
2
3
4
5
6

A

which of the following is the Tunica vaginalis

1
2
3
4
5
​6
The tunica vaginalis is the remnant of the processus vaginalis, which was the outpouching of parietal peritoneum. It is a serous covering of the testis in the scrotum​

50
Q

which of the following is the Vas deferens

1
2
3
4
5
6

A

which of the following is the Vas deferens

1
2
3
4
5
6

51
Q

which of the following is the testicular artery

1
2
3
4
5
6

A

which of the following is the

1
2
3
4
5
6

52
Q

which of the following is the tunica albuginea

1
2
3
4
5
6

A

which of the following is the tunica albuginea

1
2
3
4
5
6

53
Q

Which ligaments comprise the borders of the greater and lesser sciatic foramen? [2]

A

Acceptable responses: sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

54
Q

Which of branches of the internal iliac artery leave the pelvis? [3]

A

Which of branches of the internal iliac artery leave the pelvis? [3]

Obturator artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Superior gluteal artery

55
Q

relaxed detrusor muscle

visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

relaxed detrusor muscle
​
visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

56
Q

contracts the detrusor muscle

visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

contracts the detrusor muscle

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

57
Q

contracts the internal urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

contracts the internal urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

58
Q

relaxes the internal urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

relaxes the internal urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

59
Q

contracts the external urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

contracts the external urethral sphincter

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

60
Q

contracts the detrusor muscle

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

contracts the detrusor muscle
​
​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

61
Q

Deficits in which of these fibres may cause urinary retention?

​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

A

Deficits in which of these fibres may cause urinary retention?

​​visceral afferents
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatomotor

Yr 2 EOYS (58 decks)

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