MET EOYS3 Flashcards
Name two Calcineurin inhbitors [2]
Cyclosporin and tacrolimus
Prednisolone targets which cytokine gene activation? [1]
IL-2
Learn x
Which of the following targets IL-2 gene activation / suppresses IL-2 activation
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tcrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Which of the following targets IL-2 gene activation / suppresses IL-2 activation
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tcrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Immunosuppressant drugs
Which of the following are calcineurin inhibitors? [2]
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Which of the following are calcineurin inhibitors? [2]
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Immunosuppressant drugs
Which of the following are calcineurin inhibitors? [2]
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Which of the following are calcineurin inhibitors? [2]
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Immunosuppressant drugs
Which of the following are anti-proliferative? [2]
Azathioprine
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Which of the following are anti-proliferative? [2]
**Azathioprine **
Prednisolone
Cyclosporin
Tacrolimus
Mycophenolic acid
Describe the action of calcineurin [1]
Calcineurin is an enzyme that activates T-cells of the immune system.
How long should ischaemia be limited to prevent acute transplant rejection:
-Cold ischaemia? [1]
- Warm ischaemia? [1]
Cold ischaemia time: 12 hrs
Warm ishaemia time: 1 hour
Which gene causes this disease? [1]
Describe the structure that this gene predominately codes for [1]
Polycystin gene - codes for primary cilia
What type of hormone is aldosterone? [1]
Mineralocorticoid hormone
Describe the effect of aldosterone on sodium and potassium levels [2]
- increase sodium reabsorption
- increase potassium excretion
Conn’s syndrome causes which of the following effects
- increase sodium reabsorption; increase potassium excretion
- decrease sodium reabsorption; increase potassium excretion
- decrease sodium reabsorption; decrease potassium excretion
- decrease sodium reabsorption; decrease potassium excretion
Conn’s syndrome causes which of the following effects
- increase sodium reabsorption; increase potassium excretion
Conns syndrome: XS aldosterone
What are the triad of signs of Conns syndrome? [3]
hypokalemia, hypernatremia and metabolic alkalosis
A patient presents with Conns syndrome. Which of the following would they most likley have?
What laboratory findings will most likely be found in this patient?
A. Increased serum potassium, increased urinary potassium, and increased extracellular fluid volume
B. Decreased serum potassium, increased urinary potassium, and increased extracellular fluid volume
C. Increased serum potassium, decreased urinary potassium, and decreased extracellular fluid volume
D. Decreased serum potassium, increased urinary potassium, and decreased extracellular fluid volume
B. Decreased serum potassium, increased urinary potassium, and increased extracellular fluid volume
increased production of aldosterone. Serum levels of potassium are decreased, and the urinary excretion of potassium is increased. Decreased serum potassium levels result in the symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia due to hypokalemia-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
As a result of increased reabsorption of sodium due to aldosterone excess, more water is retained. The retained water causes extracellular fluid volume expansion, which is the mechanism behind persistent hypertension.
Conns syndrome patient presents with
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Conns syndrome patient presents with
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
This symptoms is suggestive of
Conns syndrome
Cushings syndrome
Addisons disease
Sunburn
This symptoms is suggestive of
Conns syndrome
Cushings syndrome
Addisons disease
Sunburn
Hyperpigmentation is characteristic and occurs in almost all patients.
Elevated ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone are causative factors. It is believed that ACTH binds to the melanocyte receptors, which are responsible for pigmentation
Describe the changes in adrenal hormones in Addisons disease [2]
low cortisol and aldosterone levels
What method is the most practical and accurate way to measure regional adiposity?
A. Waist and hip circumference
B. Skin-fold thickness testing
C. Body mass index (BMI)
D. Impedance measurement
What method is the most practical and accurate way to measure regional adiposity?
A. Waist and hip circumference
B. Skin-fold thickness testing
C. Body mass index (BMI)
D. Impedance measurement
What is the best way to measure nutritional status in a pregnant female?
A. Waist circumference
B. Body mass index (BMI)
C. Mid-upper arm circumference
D. Triceps skinfold measurement
What is the best way to measure nutritional status in a pregnant female?
A. Waist circumference
B. Body mass index (BMI)
C. Mid-upper arm circumference
D. Triceps skinfold measurement
How does the metanephric kidney develops from which two structures? [2]
How? [1]
Uteric bud and fuses with mesenchyme (metanephric bud). Mesenchyme elongates and fuses to collecting tubules to make the excretory system.
Bifurciates to make major calyx.
Bifucates again to make minor calyx
Bifucates x lots to make
During renal development:
- the uteric bud becomes which overall part of kidney?
- the metanephric system becomes which overall part of kidney?
Uteric bud: collecting system (ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyxes, CD)
metanephric system: excretory system (Renal glomerulus -capillaries
Bowman’s capsule. PCT
LoH, DCT)
Describe the ascent of the kidneys during development:
Where do they start from? [1]
Where do they finish? [1]
(Include vert levels)
Describe the ascent of the kidneys during development:
Where do they start from? [1]
Sacral region S1
Where do they finish? [1]
Lumbar region T12
(Include vert levels)
Why wont babies survive bilateral kidney agenesis? [2]
If kidneys dont develop then effects creation of amniotic fluid (reduced: oligohydramnios)
This causes failure of lung development
What are two types of ectopic kidney? [2]
Pancake kidney: Usually (one) kidney remains in pelvic region
Horseshoe kidney: kidneys fuse in pelvice region and form a single U. Can’t ascend because of IMA
Describe pathophysiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
How do cysts grow? [4]
Mutation on polycystin gene: involved in production in primary cilia (ciliopathy)
Primary cilia involved in cell adhesion, calcium transport and cell cycle.
Cysts growth:
- Cysts originates as dilations of intact tubule
- Increased proliferation of cyst epithelium
- Cyst epithelium becomes secretory resulting in increased fluid secretion into lumen of cyst
- Cyst enlarges and loses contact with nephron
What is creatinine a breakdown product of? [1]
creatine phosphate: found in muscle
Found at a steady-state concentration in the blood